Bridging the gap: Identifying diverse stakeholder needs and barriers to accessing evidence and resources for children’s pain

Figures & data

Table 1. Participant demographics (N = 711)

	n (%)
Stakeholder type
Knowledge users	442 (62.2)
Patient/caregiver	194 (27.2)
Researcher	75 (10.5)
Geographical region
Canada	547 (76.9)
Alberta	107 (19.6)
British Columbia	82 (15.0)
Manitoba	10 (1.8)
New Brunswick	19 (3.5)
Newfoundland/Labrador	4 (0.7)
Nova Scotia	111 (20.3)
Ontario	175 (32.0)
Prince Edward Island	3 (0.5)
Quebec	20 (3.7)
Saskatchewan	15 (2.7)
Canadian territories	1 (0.2)
Outside of Canada	117 (16.5)
North America (United States)	55 (47.0)
Europe	34 (29.1)
Oceania	16 (13.7)
South America	9 (7.7)
Asia	1 (0.9)
Africa	2 (1.7)
Did not respond	47 (6.6)

Geographical region statistics are calculated as percentages within Canada and Outside of Canada, respectively; “Knowledge users” refers to health professionals, administrators, policy makers, and educators; “Researchers” includes trainees.

Table 2. Type of evidence-based resources used (N = 711)

	Knowledge users^a		Patient/caregiver		Researchers^b
	n (%)	Adjusted residual(%)	n (%)	Adjusted residual(%)	n (%)	Adjusted residual(%)	Chi-square value^c	Significance (two-sided)
Pamphlets	101 (22.85)	2.46	24 (12.37)	−3.11	17 (22.67)	0.62	9.65	0.008
Educational material	131 (29.64)	2.03	31 (15.98)	−4.06	30 (40.00)	2.68	19.94	<0.001
Point of care tools	100 (22.62)	3.84	21 (10.82)	−3.15	9 (12.00)	−1.49	14.78	0.001
Websites	105 (23.76)	−0.12	47 (24.23)	0.12	18 (24.00)	0.02	0.02	0.992
Social media content	35 (7.92)	−4	36 (18.56)	3.5	12 (16.00)	1.23	16.32	<0.001
Apps	55 (12.44)	0.67	19 (9.79)	−1.02	10 (13.33)	0.43	1.09	0.579
Videos	53 (11.99)	−0.97	23 (11.86)	−0.53	16 (21.33)	2.29	5.25	0.073
Webinars	26 (5.88)	−0.63	14 (7.22)	0.6	5 (6.67)	0.13	0.42	0.81
Arts-based tools	37 (8.37)	1.79	9 (4.64)	−1.53	4 (5.33)	−0.61	3.24	0.198
Educational workshops	17 (8.76)	−2.87	79 (17.87)	2.7	11 (14.67)	−0.1	8.76	0.013
Policies	92 (20.81)	5.2	9 (4.64)	−4.85	8 (10.67)	−1.19	28.58	<0.001
Evidence summaries	49 (11.09)	0.6	8 (4.12)	−3.42	18 (24.00)	4.01	23	<0.001

Geographical region statistics are calculated as percentages within Canada and Outside of Canada, respectively. Percentage reported is within each stakeholder group who endorsed using each tool; df = 2; adjusted residual values significant at an absolute value greater than 1.96/−1.96.

^aKnowledge users refers to health professionals, administrators, policymakers, and educators.

^bResearchers includes trainees.

^cChi-square results significant at P < 0.05.

Figure 1. Barriers to evidence-based resources. Knowledge users refers to health professionals, administrators, policymakers, and educators. Researchers includes trainees. *Significant difference across all the groups, p < 0.01.

Table 3. Barriers to evidence-based resources (N = 711)

	Knowledge users^a		Patient/caregiver		Researchers^b
	n (%)	Adjusted residual(%)	n (%)	Adjusted residual(%)	n (%)	Adjusted residual(%)	Chi-square value	Significance (two-sided)
Time	287 (64.93)	−3.69	90 (46.39)	4.41	47 (62.67)	−0.57	19.57	<.001
Resources	317 (71.72)	−3.76	106 (54.64)	4.11	50 (66.67)	−0.03	17.66	<.001
Cost	175 (39.59)	−0.15	65 (33.51)	1.96	40 (53.33)	−2.61	8.93	0.012
Knowledge	300 (67.87)	0.98	138 (71.13)	−0.68	54 (72.00)	−0.56	0.98	0.612
Attitudes	268 (60.63)	0.29	114 (58.76)	0.76	52 (69.33)	−1.56	2.62	0.269
Leadership	133 (30.09)	−1.71	40 (20.62)	2.63	25 (33.33)	−1.12	7.28	0.026
Culture	212 (47.96)	−3.01	57 (29.38)	4.68	41 (54.67)	−2.04	23.11	<.001
Priorities	187 (42.31)	−2.45	51 (26.29)	4.2	38 (50.67)	−2.23	19.52	<.001

Percentage reported is within each stakeholder group who endorsed using each tool; df = 2; adjusted residual values significant at an absolute value greater than 1.96/−1.96; chi-square results significant at p < .05.

^aKnowledge users refers to health professionals, administrators, policymakers, and educators.

^bResearchers includes trainees.

Table 4. Needs to ensure evidence-based resource use (N = 711)

	Knowledge users^a		Patient/caregiver		Researchers^b
	n (%)	Adjusted residual (%)	n (%)	Adjusted residual(%)	n (%)	Adjusted residual(%)	Chi-square value	Significance (two-sided)
Identifying and collating current resources	154 (34.84)	1.61	50 (25.77)	−2.39	28 (37.33)	0.92	5.89	0.053
Centralizing access to resources	185 (41.86)	0.64	68 (35.05)	−1.95	38 (50.67)	1.81	5.87	0.053
Synthesizing knowledge in priority areas	121 (27.38)	1.85	25 (12.89)	−4.58	32 (42.67)	3.73	28.97	< .001
Engaging patients/caregivers	118 (26.70)	−5.87	94 (48.45)	4.65	36 (48.00)	2.52	34.45	< .001
Making existing tools more available	176 (39.82)	0.9	67 (34.54)	−1.34	31 (41.33)	0.53	1.87	0.393
Creating new tools	53 (11.99)	0.04	23 (11.86)	−0.05	9 (12.00)	0.01	0.003	0.999
Tools for patients	108 (24.43)	−2.71	82 (42.27)	5.2	9 (12.00)	−3.26	31.91	< .001
Tools for caregivers	127 (28.73)	−3.83	101 (52.06)	6.21	14 (18.67)	−2.97	41.5	< .001
Tools for health professionals	260 (58.82)	4.64	86 (44.33)	−2.52	24 (32.00)	−3.67	24.84	< .001
Tools for administrators and policymakers	59 (13.35)	2.1	16 (8.25)	−1.62	6 (8.00)	−0.98	4.43	0.109
French language tools	27 (6.11)	1.87	4 (2.06)	−2.16	4 (5.33)	0.17	4.75	0.093
Tools for underrepresented groups	119 (26.92)	−1.44	67 (34.54)	2.06	19 (25.33)	−0.71	4.31	0.116
Consultation for implementation	125 (28.28)	0.33	44 (22.68)	−1.86	29 (38.67)	2.21	6.99	0.03
Evaluation of implementation efforts	68 (15.38)	2.34	9 (4.64)	−4.09	16 (21.33)	2.24	18.72	< .001
Institutional support for ChildKind application	58 (13.12)	−1.54	16 (8.25)	−1.74	9 (12.00)	0.09	3.12	0.211
Educational opportunities	142 (32.13)	3.37	40 (20.62)	−2.59	15 (20.00)	−1.58	11.4	0.003
Media outreach for awareness	66 (14.93)	−3.31	46 (23.71)	2.1	21 (28.00)	2.18	11.6	0.003

Percentage reported is within each stakeholder group who endorsed using each tool; df = 2; adjusted residual values significant at an absolute value greater than 1.96/−1.96; chi-square results significant at p < .05.

^aKnowledge users refers to health professionals, administrators, policymakers, and educators.

^bResearchers includes trainees.