Abstract
Percutaneous interventions have transformed management of many congenital heart lesions from fetal life through adulthood. This article is the second of a two-part review of recent developments in congenital cardiac interventions, including advances in devices and techniques for atrial and ventricular septal defect closure, endovascular stenting of obstructive lesions, and fetal cardiac interventions; as well as novel three-dimensional (3D) imaging techniques to guide interventions. We provide an update on outcomes for these interventions and a reflection on existing challenges and opportunities.
Disclosure statement
The authors have no conflicts to disclose.