Environmental impact assessment of total alkaloid extracted from the Atropa belladonna L. using LCA

Figures & data

Figure 1. Alkaloid extraction process system boundary Atropa belladonna L.

Figure 2. Standard Alkaloids Tom curve.

Table 1. Amount of energy and water used in the extraction of alkaloids.

Used devices	Energy consumption (watt-hours)	Volume of water inside Ben Murray (L)	Consuming water (L/h)
Dryer	5444.012
Ultrasonic	33.33	6
Rotary	66.66	3	120
Scale	0.5
pH meter	2
Ice maker	115
Electric mill	35

Table 2. Amount of chemical material consumed in the path of extraction of alkaloids.

Chemical material	Chemical formula	Amount of chemical material consumed in extraction (ml)	Extraction output (ml)	Weight ratio (L/kg)
Chloroform	CHCL3	73		1.48
Methanol	CH3OH	20	2	0.79
25% Ammonia	NH4OH	4		0.903
Sulphuric acid 1N	H2SO4	2		1.84
Ammonia	NH3	2		0.88
Dry sodium sulphate	Na2SO4	0.1 mg

Figure 3. General scheme of the IMPACT 2002+ framework, communicating the results through 14 midpoint categories to four damage (Jolliet et al., 2003).

Figure 4. LCA network model of the alkaloids extraction.

Table 3. Amounts of indexes impact category in evaluating life cycle effects for extraction of 2.6 mg total alkaloids.

Impact category	Unit	Total	Methanol (%)	Ammonium hydroxide (%)	Electricity (%)	Dried plant powder (%)	Chloroform (%)
Carcinogens	kg C2H3Cl eq	0.0302	0	0.721	0.084	0	99.2
Respiratory organics	kg C2H4 eq	0.0003	35.1	1.92	11.7	1.15	50.9
Respiratory inorganics	kg PM2.5 eq	0.0005	2.78	4.31	17.3	1.7	75.6
Ionizing radiation	Bq C-14 eq	4.567	0	3.4	30	2.95	66.6
Ozone layer depletion	kg CFC-11 eq	0.00015	0	0	0	0	100
Aquatic ecotoxicity	kg TEG water	28.623	15	3.25	0.229	0	81.5
Terrestrial ecotoxicity	kg TEG soil	6.292	0	5.22	1.41	0	93.4
Land occupation	m2 org.arable	0.0054	0	1.28	0	0	98.7
Aquatic acidification	kg SO2 eq	0.0031	5.29	4.1	24.2	2.38	66.4
Aquatic eutrophication	kg PO4P –lim	9.31E-05	0	2.59	1.16	0	96.1
Global warming	kg CO2 eq	0.899	3.85	2.3	32.8	3.22	60.9
Non-renewable energy	MJ primary	14.765	8.31	2.49	30.1	2.96	58.8

Figure 5. Percentage of inputs in the groups of effect.

Jolliet, O., Margni, M., Charles, R., Humbert, S., Payet, J., Rebitzer, G., & Rosenbaum, R. (2003). IMPACT 2002+: A new life cycle impact assessment methodology. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 8(6), 324–330.10.1007/BF02978505

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