Risk assessment of arsenic in ground water of Larkana city

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map of Sindh province showing Larkana district and study area Larkana city.

Figure 2. Union councils of Larkana city (A) and water sampling points (B).

Table 1. Arsenic (μg/L) level in ground water of different UCs of Larkana city.

UCs	UC-1	UC-2	UC-3	UC-4	UC-5	UC-6	UC-7	UC-8	UC-9	UC-10
1	4.43	4.83	1.73	5.50	2.23	1.63	2.97	5.57	1.40	2.63
2	4.17	4.38	3.08	8.43	3.63	3.87	3.40	12.0	3.77	3.40
3	5.30	3.93	4.17	5.23	7.0	16.5	4.10	12.0	5.23	4.87
4	6.0	3.48	5.50	14.6	5.43	17.0	4.90	6.0	5.63	5.23
5	3.50	3.19	7.07	9.07	8.23	6.0	3.27	4.80	6.0	4.13
6	2.20	12.0	6.07	2.67	15.6	3.10	2.73	6.77	7.33	4.17
7	3.03	3.70	13.8	3.83	12.3	4.20	2.17	2.97	1.30	3.50
8	2.27	1.50	2.67	5.57	4.70	3.90	3.03	3.30	4.47	2.67
9	4.33	2.80	2.73	0.39	2.63	2.60	0.61	2.63	13.0	3.33
10	2.30	0.20	8.03	0.67	1.90	6.53	11.7	0.28	7.63	4.27
11	1.90	0.10	0.55	0.50	11.0	3.27	1.10	0.54	13.0	2.83
Mean	3.59	3.65	5.04	5.13	6.79	6.24	3.63	5.17	6.25	3.73
Standard deviation	1.37	3.19	3.71	4.33	4.54	5.38	2.93	3.96	3.91	0.88

Table 2. Concentration of Arsenic in different cities of Pakistan.

Province	City	As (μg/L)	References
Punjab	Dera Gazi Khan	1–29	Malana & Khosa, 2011
	RahimYar Khan	20–500	Mahar, Khuhawar, Jahangir, & Baloch, 2015
	Muzffargarh	0.01−900	Nickson, McArthur, Shrestha, Kyaw-Myint, & Lowry, 2005
	Bhawalpur	0.5−59	Aziz, 2001
	Multan	0–50
	Lahore	0–50
	Faisalabad	1.0–23
	Sheikhupura	5–76	Abbas & Cheema, 2015
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa	Peshawar	5–20	Shakirullah et al., 2004
	Nowshera	0.01–17.58	Khan et al., 2015
Sindh	Khairpur	0.24−315.6	Jakhrani, Chaudhray, Malik, Mazari, & Jakhrani, 2009
	Gambat	0.01–126	Jakhrani et al., 2011
	Nawab Shah	10–200	Kandhro, Samoon, Laghari, Chandio, & Yousfani, 2016
	Dadu	8–67	Memon et al., 2016
	Tando Allahayar	0.04–300	Majidano, Arain, Bajaj, Iqbal, & Khuhawar, 2010
	Matiari	0.05–50	Uqaili et al., 2012
	Jamshoro	13−106	Baig et al., 2009
	Thatta	10–200	Rubab, Naseem, Khan, Husain, & Arain, 2014
	Karachi	1–80	Rahman, Lee, & Khan, 1997
	Larkana	0.01–17	Current study

Table 3. Arsenic concentration in ground water of different parts of world.

Country	Concentration μg/L	Reference
India	2000	Kumar & Shah, 2006
Bangladesh	4 × 10^4
Inner Mongolia,China	4000	Guo et al., 2001
Veitnam	3100	Berg et al., 2001
Taiwan	1800	Lin et al., 2013
Thailand	114	Kim, Chanpiwat, Hanh, Phan, & Sthiannopkao, 2011
Burma	350
Cambodia	3500

Note:

WHO permissible level for As 10 μg/L.

Table 4. Pearson correlation of Arsenic concentration of different UCs of Larkana city.

S. No	UC-1	UC-2	UC-3	UC-4	UC-5	UC-6	UC-7	UC-8	UC-9	UC-10
UC-1	1
UC-2	.06	1
UC-3	−.12	.128	1
UC-4	.647*	.100	.050	1
UC-5	−.404	.522 *	.368	−.137	1
UC-6	.661*	−.085	.113	.563*	−.070	1
UC-7	−.056	−.250	.296	.029	−.380	.318	1
UC-8	.584*	.476	−.151	.485	−.016	.406	−.125	1
UC-9	−.248	−.236	−.405	−.492	.054	−.105	−.143	−.422	1
UC-10	.488	.213	.380	.442	.123	.837**	.448	.344	−.017	1

Notes:

^* Correlation is significant at the .05 level.

^** Correlation is significant at the .01 level.

Table 5. Arsenic daily intake from drinking water of different UCs of Larkana city

S.No	UC-1	UC-2	UC-3	UC-4	UC-5	UC-6	UC-7	UC-8	UC-9	UC-10
As mean	3.59	3.65	5.04	5.13	6.79	6.24	3.63	5.17	6.25	3.73
ADI	0.21	0.21	0.29	0.30	0.40	0.36	0.21	0.30	0.36	0.22

Notes:

Safe As daily intake in water 0.66 μg/day. AS (μg/L).

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