Land use/land cover changes and their impact on land surface temperature using remote sensing technique in district Khanewal, Punjab Pakistan

Figures & data

Figure 1. Study area map of district Khanewal.

Table 1. Specification of Landsat satellite data.

No.	Satellite/Sensor	Pixel size	Spectral resolution	Band used	Path/Row	Date
1	LANDSAT 5	30 m	Multispectral (8 bands)	1,2,3,4,5,7	149/039	March, 1980
					149/040
2	LANDSAT 5	30 m	Multispectral (8 bands)	1,2,3,4,5,7	149/039	March, 2000
					149/040
3	LANDSAT 8	30 m	Multispectral (11 bands)	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9	149/039	March, 2020
					149/040

Figure 2. Flow chart for methodology.

Table 2. The LULC areal distribution from 1980 to 2020 in district Khanewal.

LULC classes	1980		2000		2020
	Ha	%	Ha	%	Ha	%
Vegetation	410622.21	94.15	404730.4	92.8	392654.65	90.03
Build-up area	7640.81	1.75	15266.18	3.5	30623.24	7.02
Bare soil	10578.01	2.43	9572.67	2.19	7625.3	1.75
Water bodies	7293.57	1.67	6565.35	1.51	5231.41	1.2
Total	436134.6	100	436134.6	100	436134.6	100

Figure 3. The LULC maps for the years 1980, 2000 and 2020 of district Khanewal.

Table 3. Change analysis from 1980 to 2020 in district Khanewal.

LULC classes	Change 1980–2000		Change 2000–2020		Change 1980–220
	Ha	%	Ha	%	Ha	%
Vegetation	−5891.81	−1.35	−12075.8	−2.77	−17967.6	−4.12
Build-up area	7625.37	1.75	15357.06	3.52	22982.43	5.27
Bare soil	−1005.34	−0.23	−1947.37	−0.45	−2952.71	−0.68
Water bodies	−728.22	−0.17	−1333.94	−0.30	−2062.16	−0.47

Table 4. District Khanewal population during 1981 to 2017 (GOP, 2017).

Census	Urban	Rural	Total
1981	152,426	915,567	1,067,993
1998	229,928	1,139,838	1,369,766
2017	364,261	1,704,229	2,068,490
Change 1981–2017	211,835	788,667	1,000,497

Table 5. Summary of producer’s and user’s accuracy and kappa (K) coefficients in district Khanewal.

LULC Classes	Season & Class										Overall accuracy	K
	Producer’s accuracy (%)					User’s accuracy (%)
	1	2	3	4	Avg.	1	2	3	4	Avg.
1980	89	86.7	84.6	80.2	88.1	92.5	90.8	86	94.7	91	0.83	0.80
2000	90.4	91.3	87	89.1	89.5	90.7	100	83.7	84.2	89.6	0.88	0.85
2020	87.7	95.5	88.2	87.4	89.7	82.5	96.7	84.7	85.5	87.3	0.86	0.82

Where: 1 = Vegetation area 2 = Build-up area 3 = Bare soil 4 = Water bodies

Table 6. Maximum and minimum values of LST and NDVI.

Years	LST			NDVI
	Min	Max	Average	Min	Max	Average
1980	10.3	44.6	27.45	−0.32	0.72	0.2
2000	10.8	45	27.9	−0.3	0.67	0.186
2020	11.2	44.7	27.95	−0.2	0.55	0.175

Figure 4. The LST maps for the years 1980, 2000 and 2020 of district Khanewal.

Figure 5. The NDVI maps for the years 1980, 2000, and 2020 of district Khanewal.

Figure 6. Relationship between LST and NDVI for the years 1980, 2000, and 2020 of district Khanewal.

Government of Punjab. (2017). Pakistan bureau of statistics. http://www.pbs.gov.pk/

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