Analyzing ecosystem functions in Bangladesh’s forests: a historical MODIS study

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map showing location of co-managed and non-co-managed forest areas.

Table 1. A brief summary of the study areas.

Protected areas	Ecosystem	Area (km^2)	Time of Designation	Location
Satchori National Park*	Mixed Evergreen	2.43	2005	Habigonj
Lawachara National Park*	Mixed Evergreen	12.5	1996	Moulvibajar
Rema kalinga Wildlife sanctuary*	Tropical evergreen and semi ever green	17.95	1980	Habiganj
Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary*	Tropical semi evergreen	77.63	1986	Chittagong
Khagrachori district**	Tropical Wet Mixed	4,479	-	Khagrachori
Bandarban district**	Tropical Evergreen and Semi Evergreen	2749	-	Bandarban

n.b. *indicates CFPA and **indicates BNCFA

Table 2. A list of ecosystem functions, indicators, and MODIS products.

Ecosystem Functions	Indicators	Products	MODIS product resolution	Product source
Water Regulation	Evapotranspiration (ET)	MOD16A2.061	500 m	Running et al. (2021a)
	Potential Evapotranspiration (PET)	MOD16A2.061	500 m	Running et al. (2021b)
Temperature regulation	Land Surface Temperature (LST)	MOD21A2.061	1 km	Hulley and Hook (2021)
	Land Surface Temperature (LST)	MOD11A2.061	1 km	Wan et al. (2021)
	Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FPAR)	MOD15A2H.061	500 m	Myneni et al. (2021)
Ecosystem productivity regulation	Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)	MOD17A2H.061	500 m	Running et al. (2021a)
	Net primary Productivity (NPP)	MOD17A3HGF.061	500 m	Running and Zhao (2019)
Biomass and carbon regulation	Leaf Area Index (LAI)	MCD15A2H.006	500 m	Didan (2021)
	Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI)	MOD13A1.061	500 m	Didan (2021)
	Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)	MOD13A1.061	500 m	Didan (2021)

Figure 2. Method of data extraction and analysis.

Figure 3. Differences in ecosystem functions under CFPA and BNCFA. t-test has been conducted to see the differences between CFPA and BNCFA.

Figure 4. Seasonal variations of differences in ecosystem functions under CFPA and BNCFA. t-test has been conducted to see the differences between CFPA and BNCFA.

Figure 5a. Influence of vegetation on water, temperature, and ecosystem productivity regulation under different forest management regimes. Diagnostic plots of regression are available in supplementary material 1. Among three R² values, two values corresponds to BNCFA and CFPA, and another R² value represents combined datasets of BNCFA and CFPA.

Figure 5b. (Continued).

Table 3. Pearson correlation of ecosystem function parameters in CFPA in dry season.

	LAI	FPAR	ET	LST	NDVI	GPP	PET	EVI
LAI	1.00	0.89	0.97	0.24	0.92	0.82	0.22	0.98
FPAR	0.89	1.00	0.80	−0.19	0.97	0.94	−0.18	0.92
ET	0.97	0.80	1.00	0.36	0.85	0.79	0.39	0.95
LST	0.24	−0.19	0.36	1.00	−0.16	−0.21	0.97	0.10
NDVI	0.92	0.97	0.85	−0.16	1.00	0.92	−0.15	0.97
GPP	0.82	0.94	0.79	−0.21	0.92	1.00	−0.14	0.85
PET	0.22	−0.18	0.39	0.97	−0.15	−0.14	1.00	0.09
EVI	0.98	0.92	0.95	0.10	0.97	0.85	0.09	1.00

Table 4. Pearson correlation of ecosystem function parameters in CFPA in wet season.

	LAI	FPAR	ET	LST	NDVI	GPP	PET	EVI
LAI	1.00	0.97	−0.52	−0.11	0.73	0.05	0.53	0.06
FPAR	0.97	1.00	−0.53	0.06	0.72	0.07	0.67	−0.02
ET	−0.52	−0.53	1.00	−0.59	0.17	0.80	−0.65	0.80
LST	−0.11	0.06	−0.59	1.00	−0.52	−0.61	0.72	−0.87
NDVI	0.73	0.72	0.17	−0.52	1.00	0.70	0.14	0.67
GPP	0.05	0.07	0.80	−0.61	0.70	1.00	−0.28	0.91
PET	0.53	0.67	−0.65	0.72	0.14	−0.28	1.00	−0.54
EVI	0.06	−0.02	0.80	−0.87	0.67	0.91	−0.54	1.00

Table 5. Pearson correlation of ecosystem function parameters in BNCFA in dry season.

	LAI	FPAR	ET	LST	NDVI	GPP	PET	EVI
LAI	1.00	0.92	0.95	−0.23	0.96	0.85	−0.01	0.98
FPAR	0.92	1.00	0.75	−0.57	0.95	0.96	−0.36	0.88
ET	0.95	0.75	1.00	0.02	0.87	0.70	0.23	0.96
LST	−0.23	−0.57	0.02	1.00	−0.45	−0.61	0.96	−0.22
NDVI	0.96	0.95	0.87	−0.45	1.00	0.89	−0.26	0.97
GPP	0.85	0.96	0.70	−0.61	0.89	1.00	−0.37	0.80
PET	−0.01	−0.36	0.23	0.96	−0.26	−0.37	1.00	−0.02
EVI	0.98	0.88	0.96	−0.22	0.97	0.80	−0.02	1.00

Table 6. Pearson correlation of ecosystem function parameters in BNCFA in wet season.

	LAI	FPAR	ET	LST	NDVI	GPP	PET	EVI
LAI	1.00	0.85	0.63	−0.30	0.95	0.81	−0.13	0.68
FPAR	0.85	1.00	0.17	0.21	0.70	0.51	0.40	0.24
ET	0.63	0.17	1.00	−0.92	0.81	0.91	−0.83	0.99
LST	−0.30	0.21	−0.92	1.00	−0.55	−0.72	0.96	−0.90
NDVI	0.95	0.70	0.81	−0.55	1.00	0.95	−0.35	0.86
GPP	0.81	0.51	0.91	−0.72	0.95	1.00	−0.54	0.93
PET	−0.13	0.40	−0.83	0.96	−0.35	−0.54	1.00	−0.77
EVI	0.68	0.24	0.99	−0.90	0.86	0.93	−0.77	1.00

Figure 6. Temporal changes in ecosystem functions.

Figure 7. Monthly variation of ecosystem functions.

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