The first case of bilateral gynandromorphic plumage type in the bearded reedling Panurus biarmicus

Figures & data

Table I. Bird species in which gynandromorphic individuals have been recorded. Abbreviations: AFR – Afrotropical; AUS – Australasian; IND – Indomalayan; NEA – Nearctic; NEO – Neotropical; PAL – Palearctic region; cap – captive (Newton 2003). In references (below the table) we indicate the first record of gynandromorphism and observations after 1993.

Order/family	Species	Region	Reference
Anseriformes
Anatidae	Eurasian teal (Anas crecca)	PAL	1
Anatidae	Tufted duck (Aythya fuligula)	PAL	2
Galliformes
Phasianidae	Chicken (Gallius gallus domesticus)	cap	1, 3, 4
Phasianidae	Reeves’s pheasant (Syrmaticus reevesii)	PAL	1
Phasianidae	Common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus formosanus)	IND	1
Phasianidae	Black grouse (Lyrurus tetrix)	PAL	1
Columbiformes
Columbidae	Rock pigeon (Columba livia)	cap	1
Coraciiformes
Alcedinidae	Common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis)	PAL	1
Piciformes
Picidae	Northern flicker (Colaptes auratus)	NEA	1
Falconiformes
Falconidae	Lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni)	PAL	1
Falconidae	American kestrel (Falco sparverius)	NEA	2
Psittaciformes
Psittaculidae	Lovebird sp. (Agapornis spp.)	cap	5
Psittaculidae	Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus)	cap	1
Passeriformes
Pipridae	White-ruffed manakin (Corapipo altera)	NEO	6
Artamidae	Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen hypoleuca)	AUS	1
Corvidae	Eurasian magpie (Pica pica)	PAL	1
Corvidae	Hooded crow (Corvus cornix)	PAL	1
Ploceidae	Village weaver (Ploceus cucullatus collaris)	AFR	1
Estrildidae	Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata)	CAP	7
Estrildidae	Gouldian finch (Chloebia gouldiae)	AUS	1
Passeridae	House sparrow (Passer domesticus)	PAL	1, 8, 9
Fringillidae	Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs)	PAL	1
Fringillidae	Brambling (Fringilla montifringilla)	PAL	1
Fringillidae	Evening grosbeak (Hesperiphona vespertina)	NEA	1, 2
Fringillidae	Common rosefinch (Erythrina erythrina roseata)	PAL
Fringillidae	Pink-browed rosefinch (Carpodacus rodochroa)	PAL	2
Fringillidae	Bullfinch (Phyrulla pyrhulla)	PAL	1
Fringillidae	Common crossbill (Loxia curvirostra)	PAL	1
Fringillidae	Eurasian siskin (Spinus spinus)	PAL	1
Passerellidae	Eastern towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus)	NEA	1, 2, 10
Parulidae	Black-throated blue warbler (Setophaga caerulescens)	NEA	2
Icteridae	Orchard oriole (Icterus spurius)	NEO	1, 2
Icteridae	Great-tailed grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus)	NEA	2
Cardinalidae	Red-breasted grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus)	NEA	11
Cardinalidae	Northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis)	NEA	1, 2, 12, 13, 14
Thraupidae	Green honeycreeper (Chlorophanes spiza)	NEO	1, 2
Thraupidae	Great-billed seed finch (Sporophila maximiliani)	NEO	2
Thraupidae	Double-collared seedeater (Sporophila caerulescens)	NEO	2
Panuridae	Bearded reedling (Panurus biarmicus)	PAL	this study
Hirundinidae	Barn swallow (Hirundo rustica)	PAL	2
Pycnonotidae	Black-fronted bulbul (Pycnonotus nigricans)	AFR	1
Regulidae	Goldcrest (Regulus regulus)	PAL	1
Muscicapidae	Redstart (Phoenicurus phoenicurus)	PAL	1
Muscicapidae	Black redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros)	PAL	1, 15, 16

References: 1 – Kumerloeve (1987); 2 – Patten (1993); 3 – Morris et al. (2018); 4 – Zhao et al. (2010); 5 – Muñoz-Gil et al. (2015); 6 – DaCosta et al. (2007); 7 – Agate et al. (2003); 8 – Abella (2002); 9 – Mas (2013); 10 – Brenner et al. (2019); 11 – Brown (2015); 12 – Jones and Bartlett (2017); 13 – Peer and Motz (2014); 14 – Rodríguez-Ruíz and Castro-Gutiérrez (2022); 15 – Martinez (2020); 16 – Weggler (2005).

Figure 1. The bearded tit (Panurus biramicus) showing bilateral sexual plumage dimorphism. (a) head-on portrait, (b) upper part of the head, (c) right, male-like side of the head, (d) left, female-like side of the head, (e) upper part part of the body, (f) under-tail coverts.

Newton I. 2003. The speciation and biogeography of birds. London, UK: Academic Press.

 Google Scholar

Kumerloeve H. 1987. Le gynandromorphisme chez les oiseaux-recapitulation des données connues. Alauda 55:1–9.

 Google Scholar

Patten MA. 1993. A probable bilateral gynandromorphic Black-Throated Blue Warbler. The Wilson Bulletin 105:695–698.

 Google Scholar

Morris KR, Hirst CE, Major AT, Ezaz T, Ford M, Bibby S, Doran TJ, Smith CA. 2018. Gonadal and endocrine analysis of a gynandromorphic chicken. Endocrinology 159(10):3492–3502. DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00553.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zhao D, McBride D, Nandi S, McQueen HA, McGrew MJ, Hocking PM, Lewis PD, Sang HM, Clinton M. 2010. Somatic sex identity is cell autonomous in the chicken. Nature 464:237–243. DOI: 10.1038/nature08852.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Muñoz-Gil J, Marín-Espinoza G, Pacheco N, Zavala-Marcano R. 2015. Ginandromorfismo bilateral en Agapornis sp. (Psitaciformes: Psittaculidae). The Biologist (Lima) 13:161–163.

 Google Scholar

DaCosta JM, Spellman GM, Klicka J. 2007. Bilateral gynandromorphy in a White-ruffed Manakin (Corapipo altera). The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 119(2):289–291. DOI: 10.1676/06-093.1.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Agate RJ, Grisham W, Wade J, Mann S, Wingfield J, Schanen C, Palotie A, Arnold AP. 2003. Neural, not gonadal, origin of brain sex differences in a gynandromorphic finch. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100(8):4873–4878. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0636925100.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Abella JC. 2002. Capture of two probable gynandromorphic House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) in NE Spain. Revista Catalana d’Ornitologia 19:25–29.

 Google Scholar

Mas R. 2013. Observation of a possible gynandromorph House Sparrow Passer domesticus in Mallorca (in Spanish with English summary). L’Anuari Ornitològic de les Balears 28:7–10.

 Google Scholar

Brenner SJ, DaRugna OA, McWilliams SR. 2019. Observations of certain breeding behaviors in a bilateral gynandromorph Eastern Towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus). The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 131:625–628. DOI: 10.1676/18-179.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Brown P. 2015. Rose-breasted Grosbeak Bilateral Gynandromorph. Bird Observer 43:316–318.

 Google Scholar

Jones AW, Bartlett HT. 2017. A bilateral gynandromorph Northern Cardinal from South Bass Island. Ohio Biological Survey Notes 7:14–16.

 Google Scholar

Peer BD, Motz RW. 2014. Observations of a bilateral gynandromorph Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis). The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 126:778–781. DOI: 10.1676/14-025.1.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Rodríguez-Ruíz ER, Castro-Gutiérrez SB. 2022. Un caso de ginandromorfía en el Cardenal Norteño (Cardinalis cardinalis) en México, con una revisión de otros casos en Norteamérica. Ornitología Colombiana 21:30–37. DOI: 10.59517/oc.e544.

 Google Scholar

Martinez N. 2020. Observations on a presumed bilateral gynandromorph Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros paired with a male. Ornis Svecica 30:31–37. DOI: 10.34080/os.v30.20412.

 Google Scholar

Weggler M. 2005. Sexualverhalten und Fortpflanzungsfähigkeit eines wahrscheinlich gynandromorphen Hausrotschwanzes Phoenicurus ochruros (in German with English summary. Ornithol Beob 102:145–152.

 Google Scholar