Status, distribution, and morphometric analysis of the genus Trichopodus in Sumatra, Indonesia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Morphometric characteristics measured in fish samples Trichopodus spp.: 1. Snout length (SnL); 1a. Anterior snout width (SNW); 2. Head length (HL); 3. Prepectoral length (PrePL); 4. Eye diameter (ED); 5. postorbital length (POL); 6. head depth (HD); 7. Predorsal length (PrDL); 8. dorsal spine length (DSpL); 9. Dorsal fin base length (DFBL); 10. Postdorsal length (PoDL); 11. Pectoral fin length (PFL); 12. Body depth (BD); 13. Caudal peduncle depth (CPD); 14. Prepelvic length (PrPL); 15. Pelvic fin length (PeFL); 16. Anal spine length (ASL); 17. Anal fin length (AFL); 18. Standard length (SL); 19. Head width (HW); 20. Lower jaw length (LWJ); 21. Mouth width (MW); 22. Interorbital length (IOL); 23. Distance snout to isthmus (DstL); 24. Body width (BW).

Table I. Types and locations of specimen collection Trichopodus spp. at the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense from Sumatra, Indonesia.

Species	Location	n	No. Catalog (MZB)
Trichopodus leerii	Batang Umbilin, West Sumatra	1	4672
	Teluk Bangka lake, South Sumatra	2	10,247
	Lubuk Lampam, South Sumatra	1	4252
	Lempuing river, South Sumatra	3	102,218
	Sekapas Rokan river, Riau	1	10,137
	Kandang river, Jambi	2	22,237
	Lalan river, Jambi	8	22,195
Trichopodus pectoralis	Lempuing river, South Sumatra	5	10,214
	Siring Purwasari, South Lampung	2	2181
	Sekapas, Riau	1	10,138
	Menggala, Lampung	2	14,278
	Peingsewu, Lampung	1	1393
	Sragi swamp, Lampung	2	1811
	Way Batang Hari, Lampung	2	14,177
	Teluk Rendah, Jambi	1	5151
Trichopodus trichopterus	South Aceh, Aceh	15	5618
	Air Belida, South Sumatra	1	14,912
	Alus Jerembaning, South Aceh	17	5616
	Danau Teluk Bangka, South Sumatra	3	10,248
	Kali Geren, Central Lampung	1	1824
	Kanal Bandhurip, South Lampung	2	1640
	Kepulauan Riau	1	12,163
	Kluet Selatan, South Aceh	11	19,864
	Kolong Hijau, Riau	2	12,169
	Kota Batu, South Sumatra	1	5003
	Kp Bukit Semen, Riau	1	12,163
	Kp. Rundeng, Meulaboh, Aceh	3	4661
	Labung Sekampung, Central Lampung	2	2138
	Lubuk Lampam, South Sumatra	1	4253
	Meulaboh, Aceh	1	4661
	Peingsewu, Lampung	6	1896
	Pinang Sebatang, Bangkalis, Riau	6	2606
	Pring Kumpul, South Lampung	2	1896
	Pulau Panggul, South Lampung	3	2234
	Kijing swamp, South Lampung	2	2198
	Klonpang swamp, Batang Hari, Jambi	5	22,211
	Maris swamp, Asaha, Central Lampung	6	1775
	Tanjung Putus swamp, Central Lampung	55	1781
	Rulung Helik, South Lampung	2	1880
	Kp Pasir Teripa, Aceh	1	14,211
	Mambang, Central Lampung	3	2354
	Teripa river, Aceh	4	14,205
	Srurejari, Jepara, Central Lampung	9	1677
	Alas river, South Aceh	2	5659
	Bohorok river, Bukit Lawang, North Sumatra	2	10.306
	Bungur Copong river, Asaha, Central Lampung	27	1803
	Kahyapu river, Nort Bengkulu	3	22,834
	Kandang river, Jambi	5	22,188
	Kemali river, East Lampung	4	10,265
	Kramat river, Central Lampung	20	1714
	Lempuing river, South Sumatra	3	10,213
	Way Jepara river, South Lampung	2	1677
	T.N. Way Kambas, Lampung	5	13,673
	Teluk Rendah, Jambi	3	5165
	Way Betung, Lampung	1	14,007
	Way Capan, Central Lampung	5	1864
	Way Jantan, South Lampung	3	1980
	Way Kambas, Lampung	5	13,673
	Way Kandis Bawang, Central Lampung	3	1838
	Way Pandamaran, Lampung	1	1395
	Way Penet, Lampung	1	1394
	Way Pisang, South Lampung	4	1629
	Way Sekampung, Central Lampung	1	1856
	Way Seputih, Lampung	23	14,140

Table II. Status and distribution of Trichopodus spp. in Sumatra Waters, Indonesia.

Species	Province								IUCN Category
	South Sumatra	Riau	Jambi	Lampung	Aceh	Nort Sumatra	Bengkulu	West Sumatra
T. leerii	+	+	+	-	-	-	-	+	NT
T. pectoralis	+	+	+	+	-	-	-	-	LC
T. trichopterus	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	-	LC

+: exist; -: not exist; NT: Near Threatened; LC: Least Concern.

Figure 2. Map of Sumatra Island showing the distribution of Trichopodus spp. in Sumatra waters.

Table III. Result of univariate ANOVA applied to a total 24 morphometric characteristics of Trichopodus spp. specimens collected from Sumatra waters.

Character	Wilks’ Lambda	F value	P value
SnL	0.869	6.089	0.003
SNW	0.551	32.999	0.000*
HL	0.851	7.067	0.001
PrePL	0.936	2.779	0.068
ED	0.614	25.421	0.000*
POL	0.514	38.218	0.000*
HD	0.840	7.729	0.001
PrDl	0.920	3.546	0.033
DSpL	0.885	5.248	0.007
DFBL	0.780	11.410	0.000*
PoDL	0.907	4.168	0.019
PFL	0.693	17.901	0.000*
BD	0.776	11.695	0.000*
CPD	0.831	8.227	0.001
PrPL	0.849	7.176	0.001
PeFI	0.509	39.099	0.000*
ASL	0.586	28.593	0.000*
AFL	0.916	3.735	0.028
HW	0.357	72.959	0.000*
LJL	0.925	3.279	0.043
MW	0.876	5.748	0.005
IOL	0.604	26.500	0.000*
DStI	0.846	7.393	0.001
BW	0.414	57.246	0.000*

*Significant level p < 0.001

Table IV. The mean value ± SD of the morphometric character of Trichopodus spp. from Sumatra waters.

Character	Trichopodus leerii (n = 19)	Trichopodus pectoralis (n = 15)	Trichopodus trichopterus (n = 50)
% HL
SnL	26.13 ± 3.08^a	24.15 ± 2.13^a	24.90 ± 3.39^a
SNW	30.82 ± 2.79^a	34.38 ± 1.52^b	37.14 ± 2.86^c
ED	32.31 ± 2.55^b	27.64 ± 2.86^a	32.70 ± 2.79^b
HD	77.36 ± 6.60^a	80.97 ± 5.56^a	80.97 ± 5.56^b
% SL
SnL	7.44 ± 0.98^b	6.42 ± 0.46^a	6.69 ± 0.98^a
SNW	8.76 ± 0.71^a	9.16 ± 0.45^b	10.04 ± 0.61^c
HL	28.47 ± 1.31^b	26.66 ± 1.29^a	27.12 ± 1.74^a
PrePL	31.59 ± 1.18^b	30.29 ± 1.46^a	31.17 ± 1.75^ab
ED	9.19 ± 0.65^a	7.37 ± 0.80^b	8.87 ± 0.94^a
POL	12.41 ± 0.66^a	14.47 ± 0.94^c	13.62 ± 0.67^b
HD	21.98 ± 1.54^b	20.45 ± 1.04^a	21.91 ± 1.38^b
PrDl	55.34 ± 4.28^ab	55.22 ± 1.32^a	57.04 ± 2.44^b
DSpL	4.07 ± 0.80^ab	3.85 ± 0.54^a	4.54 ± 0.85^b
DFBL	20.76 ± 2.57^a	25.07 ± 1.43^b	21.75 ± 3.28^a
PoDL	23.68 ± 2.47^b	22.10 ± 1.16^a	22.58 ± 1.25^a
PFL	28.57 ± 1.83^a	31.74 ± 1.07^b	28.79 ± 1.81^a
BD	43.46 ± 3.88^b	40.53 ± 2.19^a	39.89 ± 2.37^a
CPD	13.81 ± 1.06^a	15.39 ± 0.78^b	14.77 ± 1.27^b
PrPL	29.10 ± 2.38^b	26.89 ± 2.91^a	26.71 ± 2.01^a
PeFI	119.55 ± 8.95^b	95.89 ± 9.36^a	99.25 ± 8.14^a
ASL	8.29 ± 0.85^c	5.75 ± 0.61^a	6.83 ± 1.09^b
AFL	62.32 ± 4.98^a	64.91 ± 2.03^b	63.20 ± 2.42^ab
HW	13.00 ± 1.19^a	14.98 ± 0.78^b	15.74 ± 0.70^c
LJL	5.82 ± 0.49^ab	5.69 ± 0.55^a	6.10 ± 0.62^c
MW	6.58 ± 0.89^a	6.86 ± 0.60^ab	7.50 ± 1.24^c
IOL	10.25 ± 0.72^a	11.53 ± 0.65^b	11.51 ± 0.71^b
DStI	20.06 ± 1.35^b	18.88 ± 0.90^a	20.25 ± 1.30^b
BW	5.32 ± 0.35^a	6.13 ± 0.30^b	6.37 ± 0.44^b

Values followed by different superscripts show significant differences (p < 0.01).

Table V. Eigenvalue, percentage of variance, and percentage of cumulative variance for three character factors on Trichopodus spp. from Sumatra waters.

	PCA 1	PCA 2	PCA 3
Eigenvalues	5.77	4.31	2.22
% of Variance	24.02	17.98	9.26
Cumulative %	24.02	42.00	51.26
SnL	−0.522	0.296	−0.055
SNW	0.517	0.624	0.004
HL	−0.530	0.537	0.169
PrePL	−0.489	0.682	0.051
ED	−0.566	0.554	0.036
POL	0.659	0.218	−0.016
HD	−0.171	0.656	0.329
PrDl	0.014	0.268	−0.575
DFL	−0.053	0.443	−0.420
DFBL	0.479	−0.273	0.457
PoDL	−0.222	0.061	0.335
PFL	0.266	0.028	0.435
BD	−0.154	−0.252	0.710
CPD	0.621	0.135	0.352
PrPL	−0.566	0.270	0.085
PeFI	−0.707	−0.028	0.414
ASL	−0.600	0.154	0.108
AFL	0.314	−0.134	−0.055
HW	0.734	0.468	0.025
LJL	0.117	0.617	0.208
MW	0.457	0.511	0.318
IOL	0.763	0.455	0.161
DStI	−0.315	0.724	−0.142
BW	0.661	0.403	−0.222

Significant loadings > 0.60.

Figure 3. (a). Scatter plot ED% HL vs PFL; (b). SNW% HL vs PeFL (

 = Trichopodus leerii,

 = Trichopodus pectoralis;

 = Trichopodus trichopterus). PFL = pectoral fin length; ED = eye diameter; PeFL = pelvic fin length; SNW = anterior snout width.

Figure 4. Dendrogram of Trichopodus spp. from Sumatra waters base on morphometric data.

Figure 5. Representative specimens of each species (a) T. leerii; (b) T. pectoralis; (c) T. trichopterus.