Changes in honey bee nutrition after exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic field

Figures & data

Table I. Exemplary E-field calculations in a public environment, taking as the source the transmitting antennas of typical cellular systems base station according to Equation 1(1) $\mathit{E}=\frac{\sqrt{30\cdot \mathit{EIRP}}}{r}$(1) .

E [V/m]	61.	28.	12	6	3	1
r (EIRP=2kW) [m]	4	9	20	41	82	245
r (EIRP=20kW) [m]	13	28	65	129	258	775

Figure 1. The exposure system consists of a 900MHz modulated signal generator, amplifier, power control system and antenna. Cages with bees were located in the far field of the antenna’s main beam-at distances from the antenna, where the desired field strengths of 12V/m, 28V/m and 61V/m were obtained.

Table II. Mean value of selected biochemical markers in the hemolymph of worker bees after exposure to a radio field with a frequency of 900 MHz.

Group	Time [h]	Selected biochemical markers (± SD)
		Total proteins [g/L]	Glucose [mmol/L]	Triglycerides [mmol/L]	TAS [mmol/L]
C	-	2.95 (±0.73)^A	12.95 (±2.76)^B	0.76 (±0.07)^ABC	1.2 (±0.23)^AB
12 V/m	0.25	1.73 (±0.27)^CD	19.34 (±4.31)^A	0.69 (±0.05)^DE	0.93 (±0.06)^D
	1	1.2 (±0.24)^D	9.03 (±0.01)^C	0.66 (±0.01)^EF	0.72 (±0.02)^EF
	3	1.57 (±0.1)^CD	14.31 (±2.84)^B	0.73 (±0.01)^BCD	1.08 (±0.03)^BC
28 V/m	0.25	1.9 (±0.18)^BC	8.02 (±0.15)^DE	0.39 (±0.28)^F	0.71 (±0.07)^EF
	1	1.9 (±0.5)^BC	13.51 (±4.25)^B	0.82 (±0.05)^A	0.97 (±0.14)^CD
	3	1.6 (±0.63)^CD	9.13 (±0.31)^CD	0.53 (±0.4)^CDE	0.67 (±0.04)^F
61 V/m	0.25	2.5 (±0.18)^A	14.54 (±0.93)^B	0.65 (±0.02)^EF	1.3 (±0.14)^A
	1	2.27 (±0.14)^AB	6.8 (±0.81)^E	0.79 (±0.04)^AB	1.25 (±0.03)^A
	3	1.53 (±0.83)^CD	20.84 (±5.28)^A	0.77 (±0.13)^ABCD	0.76 (±0.07)^E
p-value		6.63e-05	3.23e-08	1.2e-04	5.4e-08

The name of the group is intensity, the control group is marked with the letter C.

SD – standard deviation.

A,B,C, … – different letters indicate statistical differences at p ≤ 0.05.

Data availability statement

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.