Do clinical features relate to theory of mind, empathy and 2D:4D in schizophrenia?

Figures & data

Table 1. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of cases and controls.

Variables (mean ± SD)	Patient group (N = 48)	Control group (N = 48)	F/χ^2	p
Age (years)	39.85 ± 1.309	39.73 ± 1.351	0.144	0.947
Gender (M/F)	25/23	25/23	0.01	1.000
Education (years)	13.32 ± 0.588	12.67 ± 0.579	0.58	0.428
Marital status
Married	12 (25%)	28 (58.3%)	12.660	0.002**
Single	32 (66.7%)	15 (31.3%)
Divorced	4 (8.3%)	5 (10.4%)
Working status in the past 6 months
Working	7 (14.6%)	43 (89.6%)	54.09	0.001**
Not working	41 (85.4%)	5 (10.4%)
Age of onset	23.17 ± 7.367
DOI (duration of illness)	17.125 ± 10.690 years
PANSS Positive Symptoms Scores	17.06 ± 6.827
PANSS Negative Symptoms Scores	16.94 ± 5.64
PANSS Scores	68.42 ± 17.996

Note. SD: Standard Deviation; PANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.

* p < 0.05.

** p < 0.005.

Table 2. 2D:4D, RMET and EQ in cases and controls.

Variables (mean ± SD)	Patient group (N = 48)	Control group (N = 48)	F	p	Group (N = 48, N = 48) F/p	Gender (M = 50, F = 46) F/p	Group × gender F/p
L2D:4D	1.0119 ± 0.04	0.9904 ± 0.032	3.209	0.008*	7.050/0.009*	0.165/0.685	1.383/0.243
R2D:4D	1.0067 ± 0.04	1.0069 ± 0.031	0.896	0.978	0.003/0.954	0.864/0.355	0.537/0.466
RMET	18.33 ± 4.34	21.73 ± 3.79	3.351	0.001**	16.924/0.001*	1.518/0.221	0.636/0.427
EQ	44.69 ± 11.51	50.25 ± 8.82	4.24	0.009*	7.757/0.006*	11.538/0.001*	0.002/0.968

Note. M: Male; F: Female; RMET: Reading Mind in the Eyes Test; EQ: Empathy Quotient; L2D:4D, left 2D:4D; R2D:4D, right 2D:4D.

* p < 0.05.

** p < 0.005.

Table 3. Clinical differences between males and females.

Variables (mean ± SD)	Female patient group (N = 23)	Male patient group (N = 25)	df	p	F/χ^2
DOI (duration of illness)	18.696 ± 11.56	15.680 ± 9.835	46	0.334	0.399
PANSS Positive Symptoms Scores	17.26 ± 6.897	16.88 ± 6.900	46	0.849	0.037
PANSS Negative Symptoms Scores	17.00 ± 6.551	16.88 ± 4.790	46	0.942	1.215
PANSS Scores	69.13 ± 19.01	67.76 ± 17.379	46	0.795	0.045

Note. SD: Standard Deviation; PANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.

Table 4. 2D:4D with RMET, EQ, positive and negative dimensions.

	Positive symptoms	Negative symptoms	EQ	RMET
L2D:4D
Correlation	0.062	−0.182	0.022	−0.022
p	0.680	0.221	0.879	0.881
df	45	45	45	45
R2D:4D
Correlation	0.037	−0.001	0.115	−0.063
p	0.807	0.995	0.436	0.672
df	45	45	45	45
EQ
Correlation	0.211	0.008
p	0.154	0.957
df	45	45
RMET
Correlation	−0.155	−0.288
p	0.298	0 . 049*
df	45	45
RMET
Correlation (females)	−0.039	−0.495
p	0.864	0 . 019*
df	20	20

Note. RMET, Reading Mind in the Eyes test; EQ, Empathy Quotient; L2D:4D, left 2D:4D; R2D:4D, right 2D:4D.

* p < 0.05.