The relationship between childhood traumas, dissociation, and impulsivity in patients with borderline personality disorder comorbid with ADHD

Figures & data

Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of the patient group and the control group.

		Healthy group (n = 165)		Patient group (n = 165)		p
Age		23.58 ± 5.59		22.46 ± 5.04		0.058
		n	%	N	%	p
Gender	Male	37	22.4	37	22.4	1.000
	Female	128	77.6	128	77.6
Educational Status	Elementary School	20	12.1	23	13.9	0.105
	Middle School	39	23.6	48	29.1
	High School	78	47.3	80	48.5
	University	28	17.0	13	7.9
	Other	0	0	1	0.6
Marital status	Single	97	58.8	102	61.8	0.474
	Married	59	35.8	53	32.1
	Divorced	9	5.5	8	4.8
	Separated	0	0	2	1.2
Employment	Unemployed	9	5.5	23	13.9	0.083
	Housewife	26	15.8	29	17.6
	Civil servants	122	73.9	75	45.5
	Student	7	4.2	31	18.8
	Other	1	0.6	7	4.2

Table 2. Comparison of impulsivity, hyperactivity, inattention, childhood trauma, and dissociation between the patient group and the healthy group.

Scales and subscales			Group	Mean rank	U	Z	p
Total ASRS			Healthy	102.52	3221.500	−11.995	0.000
			Patient	228.48
Hyperactivity/impulsivity			Healthy	105.04	3637.000	−11.529	0.000
			Patient	225.96
Inattention			Healthy	105.35	3687.000	−11.465	0.000
			Patient	225.65
Total BIS			Healthy	105.72	3748.000	−11.386	0.000
			Patient	225.28
Attentional impulsiveness			Healthy	114.86	5256.000	−9.664	0.000
			Patient	216.14
Attention			Healthy	120.78	6234.000	−8.556	0.000
			Patient	210.22
Cognitive instability			Healthy	118.58	5870.000	−9.028	0.000
			Patient	212.42
Motor impulsiveness			Healthy	104.32	3518.00	−11.667	0.000
			Patient	226.68
Motor			Healthy	107.44	4032.000	−11.091	0.000
			Patient	223.56
Perseverance			Healthy	114.96	5273.500	−9.707	0.000
			Patient	216.04
Non-planning impulsiveness			Healthy	126.27	7139.000	−7.481	0.000
			Patient	204.73
Self-control			Healthy	126.92	7247.500	−7.370	0.000
			Patient	204.08
Cognitive complexity			Healthy	130.66	7863.500	−6.668	0.000
			Patient	200.34
Total CTQ			Healthy	110.69	4569.000	−10.460	0.000
			Patient	220.31
Emotional abuse			Healthy	115.97	5440.500	−9.851	0.000
			Patient	215.03
Physical abuse			Healthy	135.52	8666.500	−6.332	0.000
			Patient	195.48
Emotional neglect			Healthy	113.35	5008.000	−10.078	0.000
			Patient	217.65
Physical neglect			Healthy	127.04	7266.500	−7.592	0.000
			Patient	203.96
Sexual abuse			Healthy	138.76	9201.000	−7.009	0.000
			Patient	192.24
Total DIS-Q			Healthy	108.87	4269.000	−10.787	0.000
			Patient	222.13
Absorption			Healthy	113.91	5100.000	−9.890	0.000
			Patient	217.09
Confusion fragmentation			Healthy	111.22	4656.500	−10.344	0.000
			Patient	219.78
Loss of control			Healthy	108.92	4276.000	−10.783	0.000
			Patient	222.08
Amnesia			Healthy	113.99	5113.000	−9.882	0.000
			Patient	217.01

Notes: ASRS: Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, BIS: The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, CTQ: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, DIS-Q: The Dissociation Questionnaire.

Table 3. Correlation coefficients between ASRS scores and Age, BIS-11, CTQ-28, and DIS-Q in the patient group.

		Age	Total ASRS	Hyperactivity/impulsivity	Inattention
Age		1.000	−0.002	−0.034	0.015
Total BIS		0.005	0.432**	0.330**	0.443**
	Attentional impulsiveness	−0.041	0.331**	0.285**	0.324**
	Motor impulsiveness	0.014	0.472**	0.372**	0.482**
	Non-planning impulsiveness	0.016	0.187*	0.095	0.218**
Total CTQ		0.176*	0.212**	0.145	0.234**
	Emotional abuse	0.074	0.268**	0.220**	0.261**
	Physical abuse	0.193*	0.214**	0.164*	0.222**
	Emotional neglect	0.118	0.082	0.053	0.097
	Physical neglect	0.197*	0.201**	0.121	0.265**
	Sexual abuse	0.149	0.101	0.084	0.103
Total DIS-Q		0.106	0.413**	0.341**	0.370**
	Absorption	0.100	0.379**	0.307**	0.343**
	Confusion fragmentation	0.133	0.378**	0.381**	0.286**
	Loss of control	0.064	0.340**	0.267**	0.311**
	Amnesia	0.083	0.463**	0.374**	0.445**

Notes: ASRS: Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, BIS: The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, CTQ: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, DIS-Q: The Dissociation Questionnaire.

*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (two-tailed).

**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed).

Table 4. Comparison of CTQ and DIS-Q scores in terms of gender.

Scale	Group	Mean rank	U	Z	p
Total CTQ	Female	97.10	563.000	−7.055	0.000
	Male	34.22
Emotional abuse	Female	94.39	909.500	−5.739	0.000
	Male	43.58
Physical abuse	Female	90.59	1396.000	−3.954	0.000
	Male	56.73
Emotional neglect	Female	96.13	687.000	−6.584	0.000
	Male	37.57
Physical neglect	Female	92.79	1114.500	−4.944	0.000
	Male	49.12
Sexual abuse	Female	89.75	1503.500	−3.884	0.000
	Male	59.64
Total DIS-Q	Female	98.32	407.500	−7.660	0.000
	Male	30.01
Absorption	Female	97.03	572.000	−7.036	0.000
	Male	34.46
Confusion fragmentation	Female	97.52	510.000	−7.260	0.000
	Male	32.78
Loss of control	Female	98.79	347.500	−7.897	0.000
	Male	28.39
Amnesia	Female	95.96	709.500	−6.483	0.000
	Male	38.18

Notes: CTQ: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, DIS-Q: The Dissociation Questionnaire.

Table 5. Logistic regression analysis of ADHD comorbidity.

							95% C.I. for EXP(B)
	B	S.E.	Wald	df	Sig.	Exp(B)	Lower	Upper
Age	0.014	0.039	0.132	1	0.716	1.014	0.939	1.096
Gender	1.544	0.609	6.422	1	0.011	4.683	1.419	15.458
Attentional impulsiveness	0.115	0.050	5.342	1	0.021	1.122	1.018	1.236
Motor impulsiveness	0.114	0.038	9.161	1	0.002	1.121	1.041	1.207
Non-planning impulsiveness	0.023	0.033	0.481	1	0.488	1.023	0.959	1.092
Emotional abuse	0.058	0.066	0.763	1	0.382	1.059	0.931	1.206
Physical abuse	0.074	0.077	0.911	1	0.340	1.077	0.925	1.252
Emotional neglect	−0.026	0.059	0.197	1	0.657	0.974	0.867	1.094
Physical neglect	0.042	0.060	0.500	1	0.479	1.043	0.928	1.173
Sexual abuse	0.017	0.051	0.113	1	0.737	1.017	0.921	1.123
Constant	−8.437	2.013	17.561	1	0.000	0.000

Notes: Model Χ² = 38.889, p < .001. Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.287. n = 165.

ADHD: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Bold values indicates p < 0.05.

Table 6. Logistic regression analysis of the presence of dissociation.

							95% C.I. for EXP(B)
	B	S.E.	Wald	df	Sig.	Exp(B)	Lower	Upper
Age	0.039	0.041	0.899	1	0.343	1.039	0.960	1.126
Gender	−3.290	1.150	8.182	1	0.004	0.037	0.004	0.355
Attentional impulsiveness	0.104	0.060	3.041	1	0.081	1.110	0.987	1.248
Motor impulsiveness	0.039	0.041	0.899	1	0.343	1.040	0.959	1.127
Non-planning impulsiveness	0.016	0.036	0.182	1	0.670	1.016	0.946	1.091
Emotional abuse	0.052	0.071	0.539	1	0.463	1.053	0.917	1.209
Physical abuse	0.099	0.083	1.431	1	0.232	1.104	0.939	1.298
Emotional neglect	0.131	0.061	4.647	1	0.031	1.140	1.012	1.285
Physical neglect	0.006	0.060	0.009	1	0.924	1.006	0.894	1.131
Sexual abuse	−0.031	0.051	0.381	1	0.537	0.969	0.878	1.070
Constant	−3.126	2.137	2.141	1	0.143	0.044

Notes: Model Χ² = 83.682, p < .001. Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.530. n = 165.

Bold values indicates p < 0.05.