Serum 15-d-PGJ2 and PPARγ levels are reduced in manic episode of bipolar disorder while IL-4 levels are not affected

Figures & data

Table 1. Comparison of mania, remission, and control groups in terms of age, gender, smoking, IL-4, PPARγ, and 15d-PGJ2.

	Mania	Remission	Control	Effect size (η²)	p-values
Age (years)	39.46 ± 11.31	36.69 ± 10.35	38.02 ± 10.37	0.012	.454
Smoking (pack-year)	10 (9)	9.5 (9.5)	10 (9)	0.0003	.989
IL-4 (pg/mL)	8.19 (10.43)	7.8 (7.08)	7.29 (6.5)	0.025	.723
PPARγ (pg/mL)	71.5 (22.87)^a,b	134.52 (488.21)	94.75 (366.55)	0.313	<.001*
15d-PGJ2 (pg/mL)	37.7 (6.18)^a,b	50.19 (104.99)	45.58 (89.66)	0.156	<.001*
Gender Male/Female n (%)/n (%)	19 (38%)/31(62%)	26 (57.8%)/19(42.2%)	24 (54.5%)/20(45.5%)	0.176^c	.115

Notes: Parametric value (age) shown as mean ± SD and compared with ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni tests. Non-parametric values (smoking, IL-4, PPARγ, and 15d-PGJ2) are shown as median (interquartile range) and compared with Kruskal–Wallis test. Nominal variable (gender) were tested using a Pearson’s chi-square test. Nominal variables were given as case numbers and percentages.

^aDiffers from control significantly.

^bDiffers from remission significantly.

^cCramer’s V.

*Values satisfying P < .05 is considered as a significant result.

Figure 1. Independent-samples Kruskal–Wallis test for PPARγ in mania, remission, and control groups.

Figure 2. Independent-samples Kruskal–Wallis test for 15d-PGJ2 in mania, remission, and control groups.

Figure 3. Independent-samples Kruskal–Wallis test for IL-4 in mania, remission, and control groups.

Table 2. Comparison of mania and remission groups in terms of body measurements, blood values, blood pressures, and disease characteristics.

	Mania	Remission	Effect size (d)	p-values
Height (cm)	168 (15.25)	170 (13)	0.100	.328
Weight (cm)	72 (13.25)	78 (8.5)	0.163	.112
Waist circumference (cm)	89 (22.5)	85 (12)	0.267	.009*
Hip circumference (cm)	90.7 ± 11.41	89.98 ± 8.23	0.072	.722
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	120 (10)	120 (10)	0.066	.518
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	80 (10)	80 (10)	0.125	.224
Duration of disease (years)	10 (12.75)	10 (10.5)	0.072	.483
Hospitalization frequency	3 (3)	2 (3)	0.245	.017*
Number of mania attacks	3 (3)	2 (3)	0.191	.063
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	87.5 (14.5)	89 (18.5)	0.186	.165
Insulin (mIU/mL)	7.46 (7.73)	7.27 (9.98)	0.052	.743
LDL (mg/dL)	91 (17.5)	113 (42.5)	0.525	<.001*
HDL (mg/dL)	43.04 ± 9.42	46.27 ± 10.82	0.311	.124
TG (mg/dL)	145 (93.75)	158 (110)	0.119	.246
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	169 (49.75)	187 (75.5)	0.224	.029*
CRP (μg/mL)	3 (4)	1 (2.5)	0.186	.203
YMRS score	51 (5.5)	4 (2.5)	0.865	<.001*
Education (years)	12 (4.75)	12 (7)	0.018	.672

Notes: Parametric values shown as mean ± SD and compared with Student’s t-test. Non-parametric values shown as median (interquartile range) and compared with Mann–Whitney U test.

*Values satisfying P < .05 are considered as a significant result.

TG: triglyceride; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; CRP: C- reactive protein.

Table 3. Correlations of PPARγ, 15d-PGJ2, and IL-4 levels with age, young total score, disease duration, number of hospitalization, number of ME, height, weight, waist and hip circumferences, insulin, and CRP in mania and remission groups.

		Mania group			Remission group
		PPARγ	15d-PGJ2	IL-4	PPARγ	15d-PGJ2	IL-4
Age (years)	rho	0.154	0.243	0.231	−0.467*	−0.334*	0.013
	P value	.286	.089	.107	.001	.025	.933
YMRS	rho	−0.115	−0.462*	−0.232*	−0.166	−0.248	−0.006
	P value	.425	.001	.047	.275	.100	.970
Duration of disease (years)	rho	−0.108	0.001	−0.015	−0.002	−0.016	−0.018
	P value	.457	.995	.919	.988	.917	.904
Number of hospitalizations	rho	−0.108	0.001	−0.015	−0.002	−0.016	−0.018
	P value	.457	.995	.919	.988	.917	.904
Number of ME	rho	−0.004	0.059	0.093	−0.077	−0.061	−0.053
	P value	.977	.686	.520	.617	.689	.729
Height (cm)	rho	0.101	0.092	−0.074	0.035	−0.008	−0.100
	P value	.485	.524	.609	.822	.956	.513
Weight (kg)	rho	−0.016	0.219	0.016	−0.289	−0.371*	0.007
	P value	.911	.126	.914	.054	.012	.963
Waist circumference (cm)	rho	−0.081	0.103	0.109	−0.263	−0.235	−0.051
	P value	.575	.477	.450	.081	.120	.739
Hip circumference (cm)	rho	−0.041	0.195	0.186	−0.138	−0.074	−0.182
	P value	.779	.174	.197	.365	.630	.231
Insulin (mIU/mL)	rho	−0. 265	−0.309	−0.182	−0.404	−0.406*	−0.272
	P value	.063	.029*	.206	.006*	.006	.071
CRP (μg/mL)	rho	−0.034	0.054	0.033	−0.127	−0.071	−0.313
	P value	.815	.707	.818	.406	.644	.036

Note: Spearman rho test was used.

*Values satisfying P < .05 is considered as a significant result.

Table 4. Correlations of PPARγ, 15d-PGJ2, and IL-4 with PPARγ, 15d-PGJ2, IL-4, insulin, waist circumference, and young total score in patients with BD (mania and remission together).

		PPARγ	15d-PGJ2	IL-4
PPARγ (pg/mL)	rho	1	0 . 745	0.106
	P value	–	. 000*	.213
15d-PGJ2 (pg/mL)	rho	0 . 745	1	0.274
	P value	. 000*	–	. 001*
IL-4 (pg/mL)	rho	0.106	0 . 274	1
	P value	.213	. 001*	–
Insulin (mIU/mL)	rho	−0 . 223	−0 . 334	−0.220
	P value	. 023*	. 001*	. 032*
Waist circumference (cm)	rho	−0 . 289	−0.170	0.038
	P value	. 005*	.100	.717
YMRS	rho	−0 . 580	−0 . 485	−0.013
	P value	. 000*	. 000*	.898

Note: Spearman rho test was used.

*Values satisfying P < .05 is considered as a significant result.