Depression and anxiety have unique contributions to somatic complaints in depression, irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel diseases

Figures & data

Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of the study population.

	Depression (n = 102)	IBS (n = 51)	IBDs (n = 54)	Control (n = 67)	χ^2 /z	p
Age (mean ± SD)	35.63 ± 10.58	36.02 ± 12.76	36.46 ± 10.48	32.10 ± 8.95	2.271	.081*
Sex n (%)
Female	77 (75.5)	39 (76.5)	35 (64.8)	47 (70.1)	2.624	.453**
Male	25 (24.5)	12 (23.5)	19 (35.2)	20 (29.9)
Education n (%)
Primary	31 (30.4)	14 (27.5)	10 (18.5)	12 (17.9)	33.009	.001**
Secondary	20 (19.6)	9 (17.6)	4 (7.4)	8 (11.9)
High school	29 (28.4)	9 (17.6)	20 (37)	9 (13.4)
Precollage	9 (8.8)	3 (5.9)	7 (13)	12 (17.9)
University +	13 (12.7)	16 (31.4)	13 (24.1)	26 (38.8)
Marital Status n (%)
Single	27 (26.5)	15 (29.4)	11 (20.4)	28 (41.8)	12.520	.135^γ
Married	67 (65.7)	33 (64.7)	38 (70.4)	38 (56.7)
Divorced	2 (2)	2 (3.9)	3 (5.6)	1 (1.5)
Widow	6 (25.9)	1 (2)	2 (3.7)	0 (0)
Working Status n (%)					20.819
Employed	30 (29.4)	17 (33.3)	26 (48.1)	42 (62.7)		<.001**
Unemployed	72 (70.6)	34 (66.7)	28 (51.9)	25 (37.3)
Income n (%)
<1300 TL	43 (42.2)	21 (41.2)	12 (22.2)	20 (29.9)	11.606	.236**
1300-2500 TL	31 (30.4)	14 (27.5)	24 (44.4)	23 (34.3)
2500-3500 TL	20 (19.6)	8 (15.7)	12 (22.2)	13 (19.4)
>3500 TL	18 (7.8)	8 (15.7)	6 (11.1)	11 (16.4)
Alcohol Use n (%)
Never used	77 (75.5)	41 (80.4)	37 (68.5)	58 (86.6)	9.129	.139^γ
Used before and stopped	13 (12.7)	4 (7.8)	10 (18.5)	2 (3)
Still using	12 (11.8)	6 (11.8)	7 (13)	7 (10.4)
Substance Use n (%)
Never used	96 (94.1)	50 (98)	54 (100)	66 (98.5)	4.119	.167^¥
Used before and stopped	6 (5.9)	1 (2)	0 (0)	1 (1.5)
Still using	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)

Note: IBS: Irritabl Bowel Syndrome IBDs: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases SD: Standart Deviation.

*One way ANOVA.

**Chi-square γFisher’s Exact ¥Fisher’s Exact (applied for 2 × 4 contingency table).

Table 2. Comparison of groups in terms of total mean score of the scales and post-hoc analysis.

	Depression^1 (n = 102)	IBS^2 (n = 51)	IBDs^3 (n = 54)	Control^4 (n = 67)	F	p*
BDI	28.43 ± 9.39	13.55 ± 9.52	11.25 ± 7.45	6.32 ± 5.22	115.538	<.001
BAI	28.44 ± 12.97	16.21 ± 12.64	13.47 ± 11.27	7.04 ± 6.41	53.421	<.001
SSAS	29.93 ± 6.92	25.87 ± 8.38	27.88 ± 8.34	24.38 ± 7.68	7.874	<.001
TAS	61.52 ± 9.28	50.92 ± 11.82	49.51 ± 11.41	44.23 ± 10.63	40.197	<.001
WI-7	3.66 ± 1.92	3.37 ± 2.33	3.07 ± 2.24	1.53 ± 1.78	15.676	<.001
BSI-44	39.55 ± 18.47	27.51 ± 18.01	24.73 ± 17.49	14.41 ± 11.05	31.875	<.001
Post-hoc
	p1–2	p1–3	p1–4	p2–3	p2–4	p3–4
BDI^a	<.001	<.001	<.001	.517	<.001	<.001
BAI^a	<.001	<.001	<.001	.648	<.001	.002
SASS^b	.025	.473	<.001	.616	.782	.106
TAS^b	<.001	<.001	<.001	.926	.010	.061
WI-7^a	.864	.359	<.001	.910	<.001	<.001
BSI-44^a	.001	<.001	<.001	.854	<.001	.002

*One way ANOVA

^aGames-Howell

^bScheffe

IBS: Irritabl Bowel Syndrome IBDs: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases SD: Standart Deviation

Table 3. Frequencies of symptom presentation in BSI-44.

BSI items	Depression (n = 102) n (%)	IBS (n = 51) n (%)	IBDs (n = 54) n (%)	Control (n = 67) n (%)
1.Severe headaches	70 (68.6)	32 (62.7)	33 (61.1)	29 (43.3)
2.Feeling of something moving in stomach	55 (53.9)	24 (47.1)	26 (48.1)	16 (23.9)
3.Pain or tension in neck and shoulders	84 (82.4)	35 (68.6)	37 (68.5)	41 (61.2)
4. Burning or itching on skin	53 (52.0)	14 (27.5)	23 (42.6)	17 (25.4)
5.Feeling of head constriction	53 (52)	15 (29.4)	14 (25.9)	6 (9.0)
6. Pain in the chest or heart	68 (66.7)	25 (49.0)	17 (31.5)	22 (32.8)
7. Feeling dry in mouth or throat	85 (83.3)	31 (60.8)	23 (42.6)	24 (35.8)
8. Darkness or mist in front of your eyes	70 (68.6)	22 (43.1)	21 (38.9)	13 (19.4)
9. Burning sensation in stomach	59 (57.8)	37 (72.5)	32 (59.3)	31 (46.3)
10. Feeling lack of energy	98 (96.1)	36 (70.6)	38 (70.4)	46 (68.7)
11. Feeling hot or burning in head	52 (51.0)	16 (31.4)	16 (29.6)	9 (13.4)
12. Sweating a lot	66 (64.7)	18 (35.3)	29 (53.7)	32 (47.8)
13. Feeling pressure or tightness on chest or hearth	66 (64.7)	20 (39.2)	15 (27.8)	17 (25.4)
14. Suffering ache or discomfort in the abdomen	53 (52.0)	37 (72.5)	33 (61.1)	23 (34.3)
15. Choking sensation in throat	60 (58.8)	14 (27.5)	7 (13.0)	7 (10.4)
16. Having pins and needles or numbs on hands or feet	78 (76.5)	24 (47.1)	27 (50.0)	13 (19.4)
17. Feeling aches or pains all over the body	71 (69.6)	24 (47.1)	27 (50.0)	21 (31.3)
18. Feeling of heat inside body	70 (68.6)	25 (49.0)	24 (44.4)	25 (37.3)
19. Awareness of palpitation	61 (59.0)	22 (43.1)	14 (25.9)	17 (25.4)
20. Feeling pain or burning in your eyes	66 (64.7)	20 (39.2)	19 (35.2)	17 (25.4)
21. Suffering from indigestion?	67 (65.7)	36 (70.6)	26 (48.1)	22 (32.8)
22. Trembling or shaking	50 (49.0)	14 (27.5)	15 (27.8)	5 (7.5)
23. Passing urine more frequently	70 (68.6)	27 (52.9)	25 (46.3)	23 (34.3)
24. Having low back trouble?	58 (56.9)	20 (39.2)	24 (44.4)	26 (38.8)
25. Feeling swallon or bloated on stomach	61 (59.8)	40 (78.4)	28 (51.9)	28 (41.8)
26. Feeling head heavy	75 (73.5)	27 (52.9)	25 (46.3)	21 (31.3)
27. Feeling tired even when not working	94 (92.2)	33 (64.7)	33 (61.1)	39 (58.2)
28. Getting pain in legs	82 (80.4)	31 (60.8)	42 (77.8)	34 (50.7)
29. Feeling sick in stomach (nausea)	70 (68.6)	30 (58.8)	23 (42.6)	23 (34.3)
30. Feeling of pressure inside head	56 (54.9)	17 (33.3)	15 (27.8)	8 (11.9)
31. Having difficulty in breathing,even when resting	52 (51)	10 (19.6)	12 (22.2)	7 (10.4)
32. Feeling tingling all over the body	42 (41.2)	12 (23.5)	15 (27.8)	4 (6.0)
33. Being troubled by constipation	46 (45.1)	26 (51)	20 (37.0)	20 (29.9)
34.Opening bowels more often than usual	52 (51)	36 (70.6)	31 (57.4)	24 (35.8)
35. Sweating a lot in palms	40 (39.2)	8 (15.7)	9 (16.7)	6 (9.0)
36. Having difficulty in swallowing	57 (55.9)	18 (35.3)	10 (18.5)	8 (11.9)
37. Feeling giddy or dizzy	69 (67.6)	22 (43.1)	13 (24.1)	17 (25.4)
38. Having bitter taste in mouth	55 (53.9)	24 (47.1)	20 (37.0)	19 (28.4)
39. Feeling heavy in the whole body	75 (73.5)	31 (60.8)	24 (44.4)	17 (25.4)
40. Having a burning sensation when passing urine	41 (40.2)	20 (39.2)	11 (20.4)	21 (31.3)
41. Hearing a buzzing noise in ears or head	60 (58.8)	13 (25.5)	15 (27.8)	12 (17.9)
42. Feeling heart to be weak or sinking	53 (52.0)	11 (21.6)	15 (27.8)	13 (19.4)
43. Suffering from excessive wind (gas) or belching	63 (61.8)	35 (68.6)	33 (61.1)	19 (28.4)
44. Feeling cold in hands or feet	62 (60.8)	20 (39.2)	17 (31.5)	12 (17.9)

Note: IBS: Irritabl Bowel Syndrome IBDs: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases BSI: Bradford Somatic Inventory.

Table 4. Correlation coefficients of the scales by groups.

		BDI				BAI				SSAS				TAS-20				WI-7				BSI-44
		Dep	IBS	IBDs	Cont	Dep	IBS	IBDs	Cont	Dep	IBS	IBDs	Cont	Dep	IBS	IBDs	Cont	Dep	IBS	IBDs	Cont	Dep	IBS	IBDs	Cont
BDI	Dep					.564*				.383*				.429*				.107				.420*
	IBS						.727*				.350γ				.483*				.609*				.489*
	IBDs							.584*				.284¥				.394¥				.498*				.712*
	Cont								.624*				.291¥				.505*				.381γ				.477*
BAI	Dep	.564*								.439*				.318*				.264γ				.688*
	IBS		.727*								.486*				.552*				.599*				.517*
	IBDs			.584*								.408¥				.516*				.492*				.705*
	Cont				.624*								.284¥				.545*				.432*				.661*
SSAS	Dep	.383*				.439*								.246*				.255γ				.387*
	IBS		.350γ				.486*								.210				.317¥				.406γ
	IBDs			.284¥				.408¥								.308¥				.267				.322¥
	Cont				.291¥				.284¥								.245¥				.447*				.444*
TAS-20	Dep	.429*				.318γ				.246¥								.208¥				.324γ
	IBS		.483*				.552*				.210								.564*				.427γ
	IBDs			.394¥				.516*				.308¥								.345¥				.463*
	Cont				.505*				.545*				.245¥								.281¥				.402γ
WI-7	Dep	.107				.264γ				.255γ				.208¥								.189
	IBS		.609*				.599*				.317¥				.564*								.525*
	IBDs			.498*				.492*				.267				.345¥								.490*
	Cont				.381γ				.432*				.447*				.281¥								.547*
BSI-44	Dep	.420*				.688*				.387*				.324γ				.189
	IBS		.489*				.517*				.406γ				.427γ				.525*
	IBDs			.712*				.705*				.322¥				.463*				.490*
	Cont				.477*				.661*				.444*				.402γ				.547*

Notes: IBS: Irritabl Bowel Syndrome IBDs: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases SD: Standart Deviation Dep: Depression Cont: Control BDI: Beck Depression Scale BAI: Beck Anxiety Scale SASS: Somatosensory Amplification Scale TAS-20: Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 WI-7: Whiteley Index-7 BSI-44: Bradford Somatic Inventory-44. The values presented in the table show Pearson correlation coefficients. The unmarked values are not statistically significant (p > .05).

*p < .001

γp < .01

¥p < .05