Normative data and factorial structure of the Turkish version of the temperament and character inventory-revised (Turkish TCI-R)

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of the sample.

Age	21.54 ± 3.30
	n	%
Gender
Female	786	76.6
Male	240	23.4
Marital status
Single	981	95.6
Married	33	3.2
Living together	3	0.3
Living separate	1	0.1
Divorced	8	0.8
Mother died or alive
Alive	1015	98.9
Died	11	1.1
Father died or alive
Alive	992	96.7
Died	34	3.3
Parent divorce
No	977	95.2
Yes	49	4.8
Psychiatric disorders in parents
No	882	86.0
Yes	144	14.0
Psychiatric disorder
No	983	95.8
Yes	43	4.2
Terapy for psychiatric disorders
No	939	91.5
Yes	87	8.5
Suicide attempt
No	973	94.8
Yes	53	5.2

Table 2. TCI-R scale and subscale means, standard deviations, Cronbach alpha, and Cohen's d among the sample.

	Total (n = 1026)				Female (n = 786)		Male (n = 240)
TCI-R Dimensions	No of items	α	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	P	d
Novelty seeking (NS)	35	0.73	104.04	11.31	103.80	11.31	104.84	11.31	0.213	−0.092
NS1 (exploratory excitability)	10	0.46	31.79	4.03	31.70	4.09	32.08	3.84	0.205	−0.096
NS2 (impulsiveness)	9	0.51	24.35	3.94	24.37	3.96	24.26	3.86	0.694	0.006
NS3 (extravagance)	9	0.78	27.94	6.03	27.95	6.15	27.92	5.63	0.949	0.005
NS4 (disorderliness)	7	0.45	19.97	3.52	19.78	3.35	20.58	3.99	0.005	−0.217
Harm avoidance (HA)	33	0.89	97.35	16.18	98.47	16.06	93.67	16.07	<0.001	0.299
HA1 (anticipatory worry)	11	0.77	32.29	6.16	32.61	6.17	31.23	6.01	0.002	0.227
HA2 (fear of uncertain)	7	0.69	21.95	4.57	22.33	4.53	20.71	4.49	<0.001	0.359
HA3 (shyness with strangers)	7	0.80	19.84	4.96	19.97	4.98	19.43	4.87	0.143	0.110
HA4 (fatigability)	8	0.76	23.26	5.12	23.56	5.12	22.29	5.02	0.001	0.250
Reward dependence (RD)	30	0.81	98.80	12.26	99.51	12.76	96.48	10.15	<0.001	0.263
RD1 (sentimentality)	8	0.63	28.39	4.42	28.87	4.34	26.80	4.33	<0.001	0.478
RD2 (open to warm communication)	10	0.74	34.61	5.64	34.66	5.73	34.44	5.33	0.572	0.040
RD3 (attachment)	6	0.72	18.87	4.32	18.94	4.48	18.62	3.74	0.262	0.078
RD4 (dependence)	6	0.47	16.94	3.13	17.03	3.09	16.63	3.23	0.079	0.127
Persistence (PS)	35	0.92	120.75	17.60	120.36	17.69	122.02	17.28	0.202	−0.095
PS1 (eagerness of effort)	9	0.73	31.15	4.88	31.21	4.90	30.95	4.81	0.463	0.054
PS2 (work hardened)	8	0.75	27.89	4.56	27.70	4.56	28.53	4.51	0.013	−0.183
PS3 (ambitious)	10	0.79	35.85	5.41	35.79	5.45	36.08	5.29	0.463	−0.054
PS4 (perfectionist)	8	0.78	25.86	5.12	25.67	5.18	26.47	4.85	0.035	−0.159
Self-directedness (SD)	40	0.85	132.29	15.30	132.52	15.21	131.55	15.60	0.392	0.063
SD1 (responsibility)	8	0.72	26.77	4.53	26.81	4.47	26.66	4.74	0.660	0.033
SD2 (purposefulness)	6	0.69	22.14	3.81	22.12	3.74	22.20	4.02	0.786	−0.021
SD3 (resourcefulness)	5	0.61	17.32	3.16	17.16	3.15	17.81	3.16	0.005	−0.206
SD4 (self-acceptance)	10	0.73	27.50	5.92	27.58	6.00	27.28	5.66	0.492	0.051
SD5 (congruent second nature)	11	0.63	38.57	4.87	38.86	4.79	37.61	5.02	0.001	0.255
Cooperativeness (C)	36	0.86	127.59	14.81	129.01	14.46	122.96	15.01	<0.001	0.411
C1 (social acceptance)	8	0.75	29.05	4.44	29.32	4.42	28.19	4.42	0.001	0.256
C2 (empathy)	5	0.53	18.77	2.66	18.99	2.55	18.03	2.88	<0.001	0.353
C3 (helpfulness)	8	0.39	25.44	3.18	25.53	3.23	25.13	3.00	0.087	0.128
C4 (compassion)	7	0.88	24.26	6.15	24.76	6.10	22.63	6.05	<0.001	0.351
C5 (principled)	8	0.57	30.07	4.10	30.41	3.82	28.98	4.77	<0.001	0.331
Self-transcendence (ST)	26	0.80	85.85	11.23	86.41	11.11	84.00	11.43	0.004	0.214
ST1 (self-forgetfulness)	10	0.65	32.22	4.92	32.48	4.93	31.35	4.83	0.002	0.232
ST2 (transpersonal identification)	8	0.66	26.18	4.45	26.12	4.47	26.37	4.42	0.448	−0.056
ST3 (spiritual acceptance)	8	0.78	27.46	5.59	27.81	5.46	26.29	5.84	<0.001	0.290

Note: TCI-R = Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised.

Table 3. Correlations between temperament and character scales and age

Scales	NS	HA	RD	PS	SD	C	ST	Age
NS
HA	−0.226**
RD	0.161**	−0.083**
PS	−0.205**	−0.432**	0.067*
SD	−0.176**	−0.469**	0.055	0.443**
C	−0.155**	−0.206**	0.387**	0.269**	0.456**
ST	0.015	−0.116**	0.105**	0.329**	0.036	0.203**
Age	−0.089**	−0.141**	−0.003	0.095**	0.120**	0.078*	−0.094**

NS = Novelty Seeking; HA = Harm Avoidance; RD = Reward Dependence; PS = Persistence; SD = Self-Directedness; ST = Self-Transcendence and C = Cooperativeness. Coefficients greater than or equal to 0.30 are shown in bold.

*p < 0.05. **p < 0.01.

Table 4. Test–retest correlations for the Turkish TCI-R after 4-weeks (n = 84).

Temperament scale and subscale	rtt	Character scale and subscale	rtt
NS	0.831**	SD	0.871**
HA	0.906**	C	0.836**
RD	0.844**	ST	0.792**
PS	0.868**	SD1	0.792**
NS1	0.704**	SD2	0.761**
NS2	0.624**	SD3	0.776**
NS3	0.840**	SD4	0.821**
NS4	0.640**	SD5	0.768**
HA1	0.889**	C1	0.700**
HA2	0.846**	C2	0.739**
HA3	0.766**	C3	0.707**
HA4	0.848**	C4	0.876**
RD1	0.729**	C5	0.713**
RD2	0.824**	ST1	0.734**
RD3	0.861**	ST2	0.719**
RD4	0.663**	ST3	0.846**
PS1	0.775**
PS2	0.789**
PS3	0.793**
PS4	0.798**

Note: rtt: test–retest correlation coefficient.

**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed).

NS = Novelty Seeking; HA = Harm Avoidance; RD = Reward Dependence; PS = Persistence; SD = Self-Directedness; ST = Self-Transcendence and C = Cooperativeness.

Table 5. Correlation coefficients between TCI-R and BDI, BAI and PBQs.

Scales	NS	HA	RD	PS	SD	C	ST
BDI	0.116**	0.261**	NS	−0.140**	−0.410**	−0.181**	0.079*
BAI	0.068*	0.237**	NS	−0.083**	−0.340**	−0.176**	0.143**
PBQ	NS	0.133**	−0.220**	NS	−0.379**	−0.439**	0.156**
Avoidant	−0.065*	0.273**	−0.184**	−0.069*	−0.380**	−0.360**	0.130**
Dependent	NS	0.245**	NS	−0.135**	−0.459**	−0.291**	0.066*
Passive aggressive	0.128**	NS	−0.188**	NS	−0.258**	−0.331**	0.141**
Obsessive compulsive	−0.114**	NS	−0.157**	0.265**	−0.197**	−0.300**	0.186**
Antisocial	NS	NS	−0.174**	0.126**	−0.281**	−0.404**	0.170**
Narcissistic	0.096**	NS	−0.188**	0.100**	−0.251**	−0.449**	0.134**
Histrionic	0.103**	0.063*	NS	NS	−0.385**	−0.348**	0.082**
Schizoid	−0.068*	NS	−0.447**	0.085**	−0.108**	−0.291**	0.130**
Paranoid	NS	0.146**	−0.224**	0.065*	−0.299**	−0.385**	0.153**
Borderline	NS	0.337**	−0.159**	−0.174**	−0.485**	−0.378**	NS

Table 6. Factor structure of the Temperament Dimension of TCI-R.

Scale	Factor 1 (PS)	Factor 2 (HA)	Factor 3 (RD)	Factor 4 (NS)
Eigenvalues	4.434	2.528	1.968	1.098
Variation (%)	27.714	15.798	12.301	6.860
NS1	0.13	−0.33	0.34	0.27
NS2	−0.26	0.03	0.01	0 . 61
NS3	−0.13	0.14	0.15	0.69
NS4	−0.21	−0.26	−0.07	0.57
HA1	−0.05	0.78	0.04	0.13
HA2	−0.07	0.70	0.01	−0.23
HA3	−0.09	0.61	−0.35	−0.06
HA4	−0.14	0.70	−0.15	0.05
RD1	0.34	0.62	0.51	0.18
RD2	0.10	−0.09	0.82	0.07
RD3	−0.17	−0.19	0.81	−0.05
RD4	−0.41	0.04	0.54	−0.50
PS1	0.83	0.00	0.11	−0.07
PS2	0.82	−0.18	−0.04	−0.05
PS3	0.86	−0.02	0.04	−0.15
PS4	0.84	−0.07	−0.12	−0.20

Note: Promax with Kaiser normalization was performed. Loadings with absolute value ≥0.40 are shown in bold.

Table 7. Factor structure of the Character Dimension of TCI-R.

Scale	Factor 1 (C)	Factor 2 (SD)	Factor 3 (ST)
Eigenvalues	3.844	1.853	1.602
Variation (%)	29.570	14.253	12.321
SD1	0.09	0 . 76	−0.29
SD2	0.03	0.77	0.14
SD3	−0.28	0.92	0.07
SD4	0.47	0.04	−0.39
SD5	0.12	0.75	−0.01
C1	0.74	0.04	0.00
C2	0.54	0.09	0.26
C3	0.74	−0.12	−0.03
C4	0.83	−0.14	−0.04
C5	0.55	0.15	0.21
ST1	−0.15	−0.15	0.77
ST2	0.12	0.07	0.78
ST3	0.14	0.08	0.61

Note: Promax with Kaiser normalization was performed. Loadings with absolute value ≥0.40 are shown in bold.