Four factors in the “special relationship” between China and North Korea: a framework for analyzing the China–North Korea Relationship under Xi Jinping and Kim Jong-un

Figures & data

Table 1. Four factors bringing China and North Korea closer or pushing them apart (source: Author’s own elaboration).

Factor	Brings Closer	Pushes Apart
(1) National security issue	National security vis-à-vis the U.S.	Negative impact of changes in the international situation on China-North Korea relations
(2) Socialist ideology	Wariness of the Soviet Union	Adopting a self-reliant approach to reforms
(3) Traditional ties	Close relationship through resistance to Japanese occupation	Differing interpretations of history
(4) Economic relations	Mutual benefit	Different approaches to economic reform