Dzud and the industrialization of pastoralism in socialist Mongolia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Unen articles caution against the severe winter conditions.

Source: Unen 1968, 1976.

Figure 2. Study sites.

Figure 3. Livestock numbers and amount of procured meat (live animals), 1971–1995.

Table 1. Sales amount of livestock products in pastoral cooperatives of Bulgan province in 1983unit: MNT

	Meat						Fur					Milk
District	Total	Sheep	Goats	Cattle	Horses	Others	Total	Wool	Cashmere	Fur of cattle and horses	Others	Total	Cow’s milk	Fermented mare’s milk	Others
Bayan agt	3,696,400	2,176,400	267,300	1,115,500	125,100	12,100	653,400	449,700	188,000	12,600	3,100	173,000	157,300	10,100	5,600
Bugat	2,045,400	868,400	38,900	1,060,700	25,000	52,400	148,100	104,500	33,000	9,900	700	469,500	407,200	59,300	3,000
Buregkhangai	2,487,200	936,700	165,500	1,254,200	82,200	48,600	573,700	402,200	159,900	10,100	1,500	158,500	121,700	31,900	4,900
Gurvanbulag	2,608,900	1,413,900	109,700	814,600	237,600	33,100	548,800	370,900	153,200	22,100	2,600	363,800	338,300	24,100	1,400
Dashinchilen	3,087,200	1,468,000	193,600	1,262,000	118,600	45,000	583,300	402,500	159,800	19,000	2,000	335,400	314,500	11,600	9,300
Mogod	4,023,700	1,455,300	171,000	1,233,200	1,145,700	18,500	566,900	378,500	162,900	22,600	2,900	489,000	347,700	135,800	5,500
Orkhon	3,437,400	1,597,000	183,900	1,450,300	159,700	46,500	1,191,100	1,053,300	120,000	15,700	2,100	550,100	341,600	196,100	12,400
Saikhan	3,388,900	1,570,800	164,000	1,189,600	419,700	44,800	457,600	288,100	140,100	27,400	2,000	436,000	289,000	116,800	30,200
Teshig	2,642,700	666,400	137,500	1,734,500	89,100	15,200	175,500	81,500	80,100	12,400	1,500	558,600	554,900	1,000	2,700
Khangal	1,953,300	721,100	70,000	1,077,200	66,900	18,100	173,200	99,200	63,800	9,300	900	364,000	302,600	61,400	0
Khishig ondor	2,328,700	899,300	43,600	1,134,700	246,100	5,000	374,900	290,800	65,500	18,000	600	385,000	282,200	66,400	36,400

Source: The financial report of pastoral cooperatives of Bulgan in 1983 (Kh.356 D.2 KhN.492)

Table 2. Death rate of livestock in Bulgan province.

Livestock	Average death rate (1952–1985)	Death rate in dzud years (1968, 1977)	Increase in rate
Sheep	11.4%	23.4%	2.1 times
Goats	9.7%	16.6%	1.7 times
Cattle	4.7%	7.5%	1.6 times
Horses	6.5%	8.6%	1.3 times
Total	9.8%	18.6%	1.9 times

Figure 4. Relationship between livestock procurement and growth of livestock population and recovery from dzud in Buregkhangai.