The potential mental health effects of remote control in an autonomous maritime world

Figures & data

Table 1. Tiers of ship autonomy including exterior human involvement based on (International Maritime Organisation 2018a)

Degreeof Automation	Description	Level of human involvement
Degree One	Ship with automated processes and decision support	Seafarers are on board to operate and control shipboard systems and functions. Some operations may be automated and at times be unsupervised but with seafarers on board ready to take control.
Degree Two	Remotely controlled ship with seafarers on board	The ship is controlled and operated from another location. Seafarers are available on board to take control and to operate the shipboard systems and functions.
Degree Three	Remotely controlled ship without seafarers on board	The ship is controlled and operated from another location. There are no seafarers on board.
Degree Four	Fully autonomous ship	The operating system of the ship is able to make decisions and determine actions by itself.

Figure 1. Possible autonomous situations that one, or several remote crews may be expected to handle when switching between modes of autonomy

Figure 2. Possible workload stress ratio comparison between manned and autonomous ships

International Maritime Organization. 2018a. “Msc100/20/add.1 - Report of the Maritime Safety Committee on Its One Hundredth Session.”

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