Does end-of-life ships research trends change in last three decades? A review for the future roadmap

Figures & data

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the beaching method (Sujauddin et al., 2015).

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the slipway method.

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the alongside or afloat method.

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of the drydock method.

Table 1. Key regulations and conventions for EOL ships.

198		Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, March 1989 (BC, 1989)
1992		United Nation’s Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (UN, 1992)
1992		1992 OECD Decision C (92)39/Final on the Control of Transboundary Movements on Wastes Destined for Recovery Operations, 6 April 1992 (OECDdecision, 1992)
1995		Basel BAN Amendment Decision III/1 of the Third Conference of the Parties to the Basel Convention (COP3), 22 September 1995, Geneva, Switzerland. (BAN, 1995)
1999		Basel Protocol on Liability and Compensation for Damage Resulting from Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal Basel, December 1999 (BPLC, 1999)
2006		Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 June 2006 on shipments of waste (RegulationEUPC, 2006)
2008		Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on waste and repealing certain directives (DirectiveEUPC, 2008)
2009		Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships, May 2009 (HKC, 2009)
2013		Regulation (EU) No 1257/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 November 2013 on ship recycling and amending Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 and Directive 2009/16/EC Text with EEA relevance (EUSRR, 2013)
2015		Resolution MEPC.269(68), IMO 2015 Guidelines for the development of the Inventory of Hazardous Materials, 15 May 2015 (IMO, 2015)
2019		The Commission Implementing Decision(EU) 2019/995 of 17 June 2019 amending Implementing Decision(EU) 2016/2323 establishing the European list of Ship Recycling facilities pursuant to Regulation(EU) No 1257/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council, [2019] OJ L 160/28. (CIDEU, 2019)

Figure 5. Methodological framework for conducting a systematic review with bibliometric analysis.

Figure 6. Evolution of shipbreaking and ship recycling research from 1991 to 2021.

Figure 7. Bibliographic coupling analysis of sources/journals (a) shipbreaking (b) ship recycling.

Figure 8. Article distribution percentage by subject area (a) shipbreaking (b) ship recycling.

Figure 9. Top 15 countries that contributed to (a) shipbreaking and (b) ship recycling articles.

Figure 10. Bibliographic coupling analysis using authors of (a) shipbreaking and(b) ship recycling.

Figure 11. Bibliometric co-occurrence analysis of shipbreaking publications keywords (a) Network visualization (b) Density visualization and (c) Overlay visualization.

Figure 11. Continued.

Figure 12. Bibliometric co-occurrence analysis of ship recycling publications keywords (a) Network visualization (b) Density visualization and (c) Overlay visualization.

Figure 12. Continued.

Table 2. Top 10 highly cited papers for shipbreaking from 1991 to 2021.

S No.	Authors	Title	Year	Cited by	DOI & citation	Contribution towards shipbreaking research	Author Keywords
1.	Demaria, F.	Shipbreaking at Alang-Sosiya (India): An ecological distribution conflict	2010	86	10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.09.006 (Demaria, 2010)	This paper studied the shipyard of India named Alang-Sosiya, which is one of the largest shipbreaking yards in the world. The study was focused on the waste management of toxic materials in the shipyard. The study finds that the shipbreakers and shipowners acquire great revenues, putting environmental costs on workers, fishermen, and farmers. The study advocated that the distribution of burdens and benefits were distributed unequally due to the uneven power distribution, which led to conflict in ecological distribution.	Cost shifting; Environmental justice; Environmentalism of the poor; Toxic waste management; Material flows;
2.	Neşer, G., Ünsalan, D., Tekoǧul, N., & Stuer-Lauridsen, F.	The shipbreaking industry in Turkey: environmental, safety and health issues	2008	50	10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.08.018 (Neşer et al., 2008)	The research article underlines the challenges faced by Aliaǧa The Paper discusses the recent advances in yard operations and Turkish environmental regulations that are adequate to permit Aliaǧa to obtain “green recycling” capabilities and permit shipowners to scrap ships responsibly.	Aliaǧa; Basel Convention; Hazardous wastes; Environment; Green recycling; Pollution; Shipbreaking; Occupational health; Working safety
3.	Sujauddin M., Koide R., Komatsu T., Hossain M.M., Tokoro C., Murakami S.	Characterization of shipbreaking industry in Bangladesh	2015	23	10.1007/s10163-013-0224-8 (Sujauddin et al., 2015)	To have a better knowledge of the shipbreaking industry, the research article focused on the shipbreaking sector inflow, which is particularly for Bangladesh from the viewpoints of types of ships, origin, and demolished ship’s lifespan.	Bangladesh; Lifespan; Material flow analysis; Shipbreaking
4.	Alam S., Faruque A.	Legal regulation of the shipbreaking industry in Bangladesh: The international regulatory framework and domestic implementation challenges	2014	22	10.1016/j.marpol.2014.01.022 (Alam & Faruque, 2014)	This research assesses the key international regulations and obligations that dictate the essentials for managing the shipbreaking sector. After that, compares the Bangladesh shipbreaking industry’s legislative regulations with international regulations. The overarching goal of the assessment is to show that Bangladeshi methods may include the essence of international regulations and obligations to reduce the negative impact on the environment instigated by the shipbreaking sector. Bangladesh should reform its laws or adopt a new system of legislation based on the Basel Convention’s key principles. According to this article, this transformation is critical to creating a long-term business that can meet its iron, and steel needs, and employ its large labour population without harming its coastline.	Basel Convention; Bangladesh; Environmental pollution; Hazardous waste; Ship breaking industry Recycling of ships;
5.	Moen A.E.	Breaking Basel: The elements of the Basel Convention and its application to toxic ships	2008	22	10.1016/j.marpol.2008.03.002 (Moen, 2008)	This study addresses that issue by adopting the concept of unlawful trafficking in end-of-life ships, as well as providing evidentiary hurdles, and contributing factors of evidence for this kind of crime.	Basel Convention; Illegal traffic; Shipbreaking; Toxic ships
6.	Devault D.A., Beilvert B., Winterton P.	Shipbreaking or scuttling? A review of environmental, economic, and forensic issues for decision support	2017	19	10.1007/s11356-016-6925-5 (Devault et al., 2017)	In this article, the cost/benefit ratios of scuttling and scrapping are compared. Scuttling gives fisheries and diving tourists potential but requires suitable administration to minimize metal and organic contamination as well as coastal erosion and the inclusion of exotic species. Scuttling is also constrained by the proper depth of the seabed, the type of ship, and the number of ships present. The current study examines ecological, health, safety, fiscal, and forensic implications.	Artificial reef; Diving; Ship recycling; Ship Recycling Facilities; Tourism; Shipbreaking; Working conditions; Wrecks
7.	Karim M.S.	Prevention of pollution of the marine environment from vessels: The potential and limits of the international maritime organisation	2015	18	10.1007/978-3-319 -10,608-3 (Karim, 2015)	This book explored the importance of IMO in the management of the pollution of the marine environment due to ships. The IMO, a UN specialised organisation, has been tasked with providing infrastructure for government collaboration in the management and mitigation of maritime pollution caused by ships. The organisation oversees regulations and encourages technical collaboration for maritime environment conservation. Even though the IMO’s legal provisions are designed to stop ships from polluting the sea, there is a drift toward a more lenient interpretation, and the organization can effectively expand to encompass shipbreaking, which is a land-based sector.	Marine environment; Marine pollution; Shipbreaking; United nations; Climate change
8.	Yılmaz A., Karacık B., Yakan S.D., Henkelmann B., Schramm K.-W., Okay O.S.	Organic and heavy metal pollution in shipbreaking yards	2016	16	10.1016/j.oceaneng.2016.06.036 (Yılmaz et al., 2016)	Sediment test samples were taken at five distinct locations in the shipbreaking Yard of Aliağa, which is situated on the Seashore named Aegean. Metal levels and organic pollutants in the obtained samples were analysed to evaluate the contamination levels in the maritime environment because of shipbreaking activities. When compared with the observed values in the sample sites, the metal concentrations were found to be higher. To determine the consequences on marine ecosystems, levels of pollutants were compared to values in quality criteria of sediment.	Marine pollution; Metals; Organic pollutants; Sediments; Shipbreaking
9.	Sharma R., Kim T.-W.	Development of a logic-based product life-cycle management (LBPLM) system for shipbuilding industry-conceptual development	2010	16	(Sharma & Kim, 2010)	In general, this article presents a logic-driven approach to PLM: ship design, production process, planning, and integration. Finally, the article discusses how building a logic-based PLM system simplifies and improves ship design, fabrication process, planning, and execution.	Shipbuilding; Systems engineering
10.	Rahman S.M.M., Kim J.	Circular economy, proximity, and shipbreaking: A material flow and environmental impact analysis	2020	13	10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120681 (Rahman & Kim, 2020)	To limit natural resource exploitation, the circular economy aims on enhancing resource and material circularity within the commercial approach. As not all-recycling operations take place within the same perimeter, attaining circularity demands considering negative repercussions at the activity’s site. The shipbreaking phenomenon highlights metal’s circularity, which helps fulfil circular economy aims while being executed far away from the commodity origin, which raises worries about proximal recycling. The global ship flow pattern, global environmental savings, and domestic metabolism were all examined in this study. According to the findings, ships that are smaller in size are recycled in standard destinations, whereas ships that are large in size are disposed of in substandard sites even if it is owned by standard ship recycling countries like Turkey. Findings suggest that promoting distant recycling instead of proximal recycling is a global need and that a beyond-border extended ship-owning nations accountability programme may be implemented to reduce the negative effects of distant recycling beyond national borders.	Resource recovery and recycling; Circular economy; Material flow analysis; Proximity; Shipbreaking

Table 3. Top 10 highly cited papers for ship recycling from 1991 to 2021.

S No.	Authors	Title	Year	Cited by	DOI	Contribution towards ship recycling research	Author Keywords
1.	Neşer G., Kontas A., Ünsalan D., Uluturhan E., Altay O., Darilmaz E., Küçüksezgin F., Tekoĝul N., Yercan F.	Heavy metals contamination levels at the Coast of Aliaĝa (Turkey) ship recycling zone	2012	70	10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.02.006 (Neşer, Kontas, Ünsalan, Uluturhan, et al., 2012)	This article discussed the concentration level of heavy metals in the sediment of Aliaĝa Bay, Turkey from 2009 to 2010. This article assesses the environmental risk of metal pollution and found out that Aliaĝa Bay has higher PEL values and is contaminated with Cr, Zn, Cu, Pb and Ni.	Aliaĝa Bay; Metal pollution; Sediment quality guidelines; Sediment’s enrichment factor; Ship recycling
2.	Chang Y.-C., Wang N., Durak O.S.	Ship recycling and marine pollution	2010	52	10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.05.021 (Chang et al., 2010)	This research article summarises the outcome of the 2009 Hong Kong International Convention on the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships Discusses how the convention outlines are a helpful instrument to evaluate the recycling facilities of ships.	International Maritime Organization; Marine environmental protection; Ship recycling
3.	Neşer G., Kontas A., Ünsalan D., Altay O., Darilmaz E., Uluturhan E., Küçüksezgin F., Tekoĝul N., Yercan F.	Polycyclic aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons pollution at the coast of Aliaĝa (Turkey) ship recycling zone	2012	49	10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.02.019 (Neşer, Kontas, Ünsalan, Altay, et al., 2012)	This article discussed Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels in the sediment of Aliaĝa Bay, Turkey from 2009 to 2010. This article assesses the environmental risk of metal pollution and found out that Aliaĝa Bay has high contamination of PAH (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) compound which is extremely toxic to nature.	Aliaĝa Bay; Aliphatic hydrocarbons; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Sediment quality guidelines; Ship recycling
4.	Rousmaniere P., Raj N.	Shipbreaking in the developing world: Problems and prospects	2007	44	10.1179/oeh.2007.13.4.359 (Rousmaniere & Raj, 2007)	The shipping sector depends on developing nations for the disposal of decommissioned ships through the shipbreaking process. As a result, the sector escapes the costs of complying with developed-world hazardous waste management requirements. Environmental and Occupational health concerns are high when beached ships are dismantled, in Bangladesh and India. The concerns about these hazards first surfaced in the late 1990s, and local agitation is gaining traction for domestic and global environmental and Occupational health changes. This article discusses recent advances in defining these hazards and proposing ways to mitigate them.	Alang, Bangladesh; Asbestos; Basel Convention; Greenpeace; International Labor Organization; Ship recycling; Ship scrapping; Shipbreaking
5.	Abdullah H.M., Mahboob M.G., Banu M.R., Seker D.Z.	Monitoring the drastic growth of ship breaking yards in Sitakunda: A threat to the coastal environment of Bangladesh	2013	42	10.1007/s10661-012-2833-4 (Abdullah et al., 2013)	Various geographical and non-geographic data, including remote sensing images, statistical information, and published material, were acquired to assess the scope of shipbreaking actions in Bangladesh along the Sitakunda coast. There were recorded effects on coastal and marine species. The finding shows that shipbreaking activities generate substantial physical disruption and discharge hazardous compounds into the environment, causing harm to a variety of marine taxonomic groups including birds, mammals, reptiles, fish, zooplankton, plants, phytoplankton, and benthic invertebrates, according to available data.	Beach breaking; Remote sensing; Coastal management; monitoring; Environment Pollution; Ship recycling
6.	Gregson N., Crang M., Botticello J., Calestani M., Krzywoszynska A.	Doing the ‘dirty work’ of the green economy: Resource recovery and migrant labour in the EU	2016	35	10.1177/0969776414554489 (Gregson et al., 2016)	The paper demonstrates that recovery of resources is dirty work of a new type, situated in ancillary markets of labour and depends on migrant and nomadic labour. The article’s findings illustrate that when dirty waste remains in the EU, workers travel to handle it. Local labours’ unwillingness to engage and this new type of dirty sector is linked to the knowledge that is embodied in traditional industrial sectors and a sense of altitudinal unfairness at the micro-scale of communities and workspaces.	EU; municipal waste; labour; recycling; textile recycling; ship recycling
7.	Hiremath A.M., Tilwankar A.K., Asolekar S.R.	Significant steps in ship recycling vis-a-vis wastes generated in a cluster of yards in Alang: A case study	2015	35	10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.031 (Hiremath et al., 2015)	Based on initial data acquired from more than a hundred yards of Alang Port and with some ship recycling employees, a “standard ship disassembly and recycling operation” was constructed. The article advocated that only a thorough knowledge of current “know-how” can aid in the diffusion and development of technologies that are cleaner. The establishment of an integrated approach that will ensure environmentally friendly and safe ship recycling considering the recently approved regulation made by the HKC and the EU Parliament.	Emission factor; European legislation; Hazardous waste; Hong-kong convention; Ship dismantling; Ship recycling
8.	Choi J.-K., Kelley D., Murphy S., Thangamani D.	Economic and environmental perspectives of end-of-life ship management	2016	34	10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.12.007 (Choi et al., 2016)	Life cycle assessment (LCA) of the environment and cost-benefit analysis were used to examine the environmental implications and financial feasibility of three different end-of-life management alternatives. The economics of ship recycling processes are shaped by several constructs which include the market price of recycled materials, the cost of the ship, environmental and workplace safety regulations, labour expenses, and administrative costs. In the European Union, the US, Turkey, and China standard recycling procedures are often employed. The recycling of the USS Forrestal demonstrated that traditional ship recycling procedures may be lucrative. Standard ship recycling procedures should adhere to tight rules and, as a result, may only discharge trace amounts of harmful materials into the environment. Furthermore, reclaimed materials from typical ship recycling procedures give a variety of environmental advantages throughout their life cycle. Due to a lack of enforceable environmental standards, shipyard owners may outbid regular recycling businesses and stay profitable by using substandard procedures of recycling like beaching.	Ship recycling methods; Cost-benefit analysis; Reefing; Life cycle analysis; Environmental impact
9.	Rahman S.M.M., Handler R.M., Mayer A.L.	Life cycle assessment of steel in the ship recycling industry in Bangladesh	2016	32	10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.014 (Rahman et al., 2016)	The article discusses the time when the ships are transferred from the source countries for the deconstruction of decommissioned ships in Chittagong, a LCA technique is applied to analyse emissions and energy usage. This research examined the environmental impacts of numerous steel scrap processing unit activities, human health, and ecosystem quality. According to the findings, activities like rerolling which take place outside the yards inflict the most impact. In-yard operations and beached vessel cutting using gas torches and liquid oxygen have harmful implications. Alteration in practices of cutting or the use of safety gear will have a substantial healthy change on the surrounding community.	Greenhouse gas emissions; Life cycle assessment; Rerolling mills; Resource use; Ship recycling; Steel production
10.	Chatzinikolaou S.D., Ventikos N.P.	A holistic framework for studying ship air emissions from a life cycle perspective	2015	29	10.1016/j.oceaneng.2015.05.042 (Chatzinikolaou & Ventikos, 2015)	The objective of this article is to create a new mathematical framework that combines a life cycle approach to deliver a comprehensive evaluation of air emissions from ocean-going ships. The framework incorporates vital components of the LCA approach.	Ship emissions; Ship recycling; Life Cycle Assessment; Shipbuilding

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