https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4397-1803
Figures & data
Figure 1. General histological changes of the cerebral and cerebellar cortices in the three study groups as compared to the control group (using Eosin and Haematoxylin stain). A: Study group a shows cerebral cortex atrophy: expanded subarachnoid space, smooth surface (10X). B: Control group: normal cerebral cortex morphology, shallow sulci (10X). C-E: Study group a displays apoptosis in the cerebral cortex: blebbing, cytoplasmic degeneration, pyknosis, nuclear fragmentation, macrophage infiltration, indicated by red (blebbing, fragmentation), black (pyknosis), and yellow arrows (macrophages) (40X, 100X). F: Study group B: cerebral cortex apoptosis with nuclear pyknosis (black arrow) (100X). G: Study group C: cerebral cortex apoptosis, nuclear pyknosis, cytoplasmic vacuolation, reduced cellularity (100X).
Figure 2. The general histological changes of the cerebral blood vessels in the three study groups as compared to the control group (using Eosin and Haematoxylin stain). A: the control group exhibited normal histology of the capillary blood vessel (20X magnification), B: in study group A, there was a dilation of the capillary vessel in the cerebral cortex, as indicated by the arrow (20X magnification), C: in study group C, a ruptured blood vessel in the cerebral cortex was observed, with red blood cells (RBCs) escaping into the cortex (100X magnification).
Figure 3. Histological changes of the cellular layers of the cerebral cortex among the three study groups as compared to the control group (using Eosin and Haematoxylin stain). A: Study group A: Abnormal cell shapes in the molecular layer (1) and external granular and pyramidal layer (2) (40X). B: Study group B: Pyramidal cell layer defects, reduced cell volume (red arrows), and apoptotic cells (black arrows) (100X). C: Study group C: Inner layer defects with numerous apoptotic cells and lost parenchymal structure (40X).
Figure 4. Histological changes of the cellular layers of the cerebellar cortex among the three study groups as compared to the control group (using Eosin and Haematoxylin stain). A: Control group: Normal folia and sulci, proper cerebellum and choroid plexus placement in the skull and 4th ventricle (10X). B: Study group A: Cerebellar atrophy with expanded subarachnoid space, shallow folia and sulci, dilated 4th ventricle, reduced choroid plexus (10X). C: Control group: All three cellular layers visible - A: molecular, B: Purkinje cells, C: granular (40X). D: Study group B: Missing Purkinje cells (yellow arrow), haemorrhage in granular layer (black arrow), apoptotic nuclei in molecular layer (40X). E: Study group C: Ventricular cavity with red blood cells (black arrow), decreased arborisation of choroid plexus villi (40X).
Figure 5. General histological changes of the cerebral cortex in the three study groups as compared to the control group (using Cresyl Violet stain). A: in the control group, a histological section of the cerebral cortex displayed the penta-laminar pattern of cerebral cortex layers (10X magnification), B: in study group A, a section revealed a defect in the laminar structure and the presence of spaces between layers, indicated by red stars (10X magnification); C: Study group B exhibited a defect in the layering pattern, as shown by black arrows, and atrophic changes characterized by an enlarged subarachnoid space, marked with a star shape (10X magnification).
Figure 6. Histological changes of the outer and inner layers of the cerebral cortex in the three study groups as compared to the control group (using Cresyl Violet stain). A/B: Control group: Outer and inner layers show neurons with normal, vesicular nuclei and prominent nucleoli (40X). C: Study group A, outer layer: Neuronal nuclei shape altered and intensely stained (40X). D: Study group B, outer layer: Neuronal cell shape alterations in the 2nd layer (red curve) (40X). E: Study group C, outer layer: Nuclear size reduction, darkly stained nuclei without nucleoli, and atrophy (wide subarachnoid space marked with star) (10X). F: Study group C, inner layer: Significant nuclear and tissue pattern changes (10X).
Figure 7. Histological changes of the outer and inner layers of the cerebellar cortex in the three study groups as compared to the control group (using Cresyl Violet stain). A. A/B: Control group: Normal cerebellar cortex, trilaminar structure visible with choroid plexus in 4th ventricle, layers: 1. Molecular, 2. Purkinje cells, 3. Granular (10X, 40X). C: Study group A: Cerebellar cortex atrophy, reduced size, expanded subarachnoid space (10X). D/E: Study group a and B: Loss of Purkinje cells layer, nuclear and parenchymal changes (red arrow) (40X). F/G: Study group C: Pronounced Purkinje cells absence, cortex parenchymal defects, significant nuclear and parenchymal alterations (black arrows) (10X, 40X).
Figure 8. The levels of anti-amyloid precursor protein antibody ab15272 in the cerebrum and cerebellum across the four study groups., p < 0.001.
Table 1. Comparison of anti-Amyloid Precursor Protein antibody ab15272 in cerebrum and cerebellum, among the four groups of study.
Table 1.docx
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The datasets are available from the corresponding author upon request.