2. Understanding the contributions of universities to regional development

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Notes

1 Goddard J (2009) Reinventing the Civic University. London: National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts (NESTA).

2 McDowell G (2003) Engaged universities: Lessons from the land-grant universities and extension. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 585(1): 31–50.

3 Delanty G (2002) The university and modernity: A history of the present. In K Robins and F Webster (eds.), The Virtual University? Information, Markets and Managements, pp. 31-48. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

4 Healy A, Perkmann M, Goddard J and Kempton L (2014) Measuring the Impact of University–Business Cooperation: Final Report. Brussels: Directorate General for Education and Culture, European Commission.

5 Anderson R (2004) European Universities from the Enlightenment to 1914. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

6 Goddard (2009), see Reference 1.

7 Mowrey D (1999) The Evolving Structure of University–Industry Collaboration in the United States: Three Cases. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

8 European Commission (2011) Connecting Universities to Regional Growth: A Practical Guide. Brussels: European Commission.

9 Etzkowitz H (2008) The Triple Helix: University–Industry–Government Innovation in Action. London: Routledge.

10 Science Business Innovation Board (2012) Making Industry–University Partnerships Work—Lessons from Successful Collaborations. Brussels: Science Business Innovation Board AISBL.

11 The Bologna Process was launched in 1999 by the education ministers of 29 European countries in an attempt to bring coherence to higher education systems across the continent.

12 Technopolis (2011) University–Business Cooperation: 15 Institutional Case Studies on the Links between Higher Education Institutions and Businesses. Brussels: Technopolis Group.

13 European Universities Association (2006) The Rise of Knowledge Regions: Emerging Opportunities and Challenges for Universities. Brussels: European University Association.

14 Smart Specialisation is the new iteration of European regional innovation strategies, the development of which became an ex-ante conditionality for regions to access European Structural and Investment Funds in the 2014–20 programming period.

15 Goddard J, Kempton L and Vallance P (2013) Universities and Smart Specialisation: Challenges, tensions and opportunities for the innovation strategies of European regions. Ekonomiaz. Revista vasca de Economia, 83(2): 83-102.

16 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2007) Higher Education and Regions: Globally Competitive, Locally Engaged. Paris: OECD.

17 Drucker J and Goldstein H (2007) Assessing the regional economic development impacts of universities: A review of current approaches. International Regional Science Review, 30: 20–46. doi:10.1177/0160017606296731; Addie J-PD (2017) From the urban university to universities in urban society. Regional Studies, 51(7): 1089–1099. doi:10.1080/00343404.2016.1224334.

18 Sources: Adapted from Mora J-G, Serra MA and Vieira M-J (2018) Social engagement in Latin American Universities. Higher Education Policy, 31: 513-534; Shah SI, Shahjehan A and Afsar B (2019) Determinants of entrepreneurial university culture under unfavorable conditions: Findings from a developing country. Higher Education Policy, 32: 249–271; Kretz A and Sá C (2013) Third stream, fourth mission: Perspectives on university engagement with economic relevance. Higher Education Policy, 26: 497-506; Madaliyeva Z, Kassen G, Sadykova N, Baimoldina L and Zakaryanova S (2020) Resources and competencies as major determinants of university models 4.0. Paper presented at the E3S Web of Conferences, 159, 09001. doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202015909001.

19 Ali AH and Mohammad OKJ (2019) Impacting of the e-platforms on the 4.0th industrial educational revolution. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (ICIST 2019), art. 29. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3361570.3361608; Madaliyeva Z, Kassen G, Sadykova N, Baimoldina L, and Zakaryanova S (2020) Resources and competencies as major determinants of university models 4.0. Paper presented at the E3S Web of Conferences, 159: 09001. doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202015909001.

20 Shah et al. (2019), see Reference 18.

21 Source: Adapted from UNESCO (2020). Available at: http://data.uis.unesco.org/index.aspx?queryid=3820) [Accessed 28 May 2020].

22 Source: Adapted from UNESCO (2020), see Reference 21.

23 Schofer E and Meyer JW (2005) The worldwide expansion of higher education in the twentieth century. American Sociological Review, 70(6): 898–920.

24 Beer A, McKenzie F, Blazek J, Sotarauta M and Ayers S (2020) What are the benefits of place-based policy? Regional Studies Policy Impact Books, 2(1): 23–38.

25 Goddard J and Vallance P (2013) The University and the City. London: Routledge.

26 Munro M, Turok I and Livingston M (2009) Students in cities: A preliminary analysis of their patterns and effects. Environment and Planning A, 41(8): 1805–1825.

27 Oxford Economics (2017) The Economic Impact of Universities in 2014–2015: Report for Universities UK. Oxford: Oxford Economics.

28 Faggian A, Modrego F and McCann P (2019) Human capital and regional development. In R Capello and P Nijkamp (eds.), Handbook of Regional Growth and Development Theories, pp. 149–171. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

29 Glaeser EL and Saiz A (2004) The rise of the skilled city. Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs, 2004(1): 47–105.

30 Rosenberg N and Nelson RR (1994) American universities and technical advance in industry. Research Policy, 23(3): 323–348.

31 Perkmann M, Tartari V, McKelvey M, Autio E, Brostrom A, D’Este P, Fini R, Geuna A, Grimaldi R, Hughes A, Krabel S, Kitson M, Llerena P, Lissoni F, Salter A and Sobrero M (2013) Academic engagement and commercialisation: a review of the literature on university–industry relations. Research Policy, 42(2): 423–442.

32 Salter AJ and Martin BR (2001) The economic benefits of publicly funded basic research: A critical review. Research Policy, 30(3): 509–532.

33 Garnsey E and Lawton SH (1998) Proximity and complexity in the emergence of high-technology industry: The Oxbridge comparison. Geoforum, 29(4): 433–450; Wolfe DA (2005) The role of universities in regional development and cluster formation. In GA Jones, PL McCarney and ML Skolnik (eds.), Creating Knowledge, Strengthening Nations: The Changing Role of Higher Education, pp. 167–194. Toronto: University of Toronto Press; Patton D and Kenney M (2010) The role of the university in the genesis and evolution of research-based clusters. In D Fornahl, S Henn and M-P Menzel (eds.), Emerging Clusters: Theoretical, Empirical and Political Perspectives on the Initial Stage of Cluster Evolution, pp. 214–238. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

34 Harris M and Holley K (2016) Universities as anchor institutions: Economic and social potential for urban development. In MB Paulsen (ed.), Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research: Volume 31, pp. 393–439. Heidelberg: Springer.

35 Goddard J, Coombes M, Kempton L and Vallance P (2014) Universities as anchor institutions in cities in a turbulent funding environment: Vulnerable institutions and vulnerable places in England. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 7(2): 307–325.

36 Halterbeck M, Conlon G, Williams R and Miller J (2020) Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on University Finances: Report for the University and College Union. London: London Economics.

37 UPP Foundation (2019) Truly Civic: Strengthening the Connection between Universities and Their Places. London: UPP Foundation.

38 Figures are from https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/staff/working-in-he [Accessed 16 August 2020].

39 Smith DP (2005) Studentification: The gentrification factory? In R Atkinson and G Bridge (eds.), Gentrification in a Global Context: The New Urban Colonialism, pp.73–90. London: Routledge.

40 Source: Localize West Midlands. Available at: http://localisewestmidlands.org.uk/2019/community-economic-development-in-action-the-cleveland-model.

41 Pike A, Dawley S and Tomaney J (2010) Resilience, adaptation, and adaptability. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 3(1): 59–70; Boschma R (2015) Towards an evolutionary perspective on regional resilience. Regional Studies, 49(5): 733–751; Martin R and Sunley P (2015) On the notion of regional economic resilience: Conceptualization and explanation. Journal of Economic Geography, 15(1): 1–42.

42 Mathur VK (1999) Human capital-based strategy for regional economic development. Economic Development Quarterly, 13(3): 203–216.

43 Glaeser EL (2005) Reinventing Boston: 1630–2003. Journal of Economic Geography, 5(2): 119–153.

44 Lendel I and Qian H (2017) Inside the great recession: University products and regional economic development. Growth and Change, 48(1): 153–173.

45 Andersson R, Quigley JM and Wilhelmson M (2004) University decentralization as regional policy: The Swedish experiment. Journal of Economic Geography, 4(4): 371–388; Evers G (2019) The impact of the establishment of a university in a peripheral region on the local labour market for graduates. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 6(1): 319–330.

46 Hartt M, Zwick A and Revington N (2019) Resilient shrinking cities. In MA Burayidi, A Allen, J Twigg and C Wamsler (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Urban Resilience, pp.172–183. Abingdon: Routledge.

47 Faggian et al. (2019), see Reference 28.

48 Kodrzycki YK (2001) Migration of recent college graduates: Evidence from the national longitudinal survey of youth. New England Economic Review, January–February: 13–34.

49 Hoare A and Corver M (2010) The regional geography of new young graduate labour in the UK. Regional Studies, 44(4): 477–494; Marinelli E (2013) Sub-national graduate mobility and knowledge flows: An exploratory analysis of onward- and return-migrants in Italy. Regional Studies, 47(10): 1618–1633; Benneworth P and Herbst M (2015) The city as a focus for human capital migration: Towards a dynamic analysis of university human capital contributions. European Planning Studies, 23(3): 452–474.

50 Foresight (2016) Future of Cities: Graduate Mobility and Productivity. London: Government Office for Science.

51 Chatterton P and Goddard J (2000) The response of higher education institutions to regional needs. European Journal of Education, 35(4): 475–496.

52 Arbo P and Benneworth P (2007) Understanding the Regional Contribution of Higher Education Institutions: A Literature Review. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

53 Abel JR and Deitz R (2012) Do colleges and universities increase their region’s human capital? Journal of Economic Geography, 12(3): 667–691.

54 Vallance P (2016) Universities, public research, and evolutionary economic geography. Economic Geography, 92(4): 355–377.

55 Gilbert BA and Campbell JT (2015) The geographic origins of radical technological paradigms: A configurational study. Research Policy, 44(2): 311–327.

56 Andes S, Horowitz M, Helwig R and Katz B (2017) Capturing the Next Economy: Pittsburgh’s Rise as a Global Innovation City. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute.

57 MacKinnon D et al. (2019) Rethinking path creation: A geographical political economy approach. Economic Geography, 95(2): 113–135.

58 Lester RK (2005) Universities, innovation, and the competitiveness of local economies: A summary report from the Local Innovation Systems Project—Phase 1 (Working Paper No. 05-010). Cambridge, MA: MIT Industrial Performance Center; Gjelsvik M (2018) Universities, innovation and competitiveness in regional economies. International Journal of Technology Management, 76(1–2): 10–31.

59 Sources: AMRC website, https://www.amrc.co.uk/; Breach A (2019) Parks and Innovation: Lessons from Sheffield’s Advanced Manufacturing Park. London: Centre for Cities.

60 Source: Bonaccorsi A (2017) Addressing the disenchantment: Universities and regional development in peripheral regions. Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 20(4): 293–320.

61 Power D and Malmberg A (2008) The contribution of universities to innovation and economic development: In what sense a regional problem? Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 1(2): 233–245.

62 Marques P, Morgan K, Healy A and Vallance P (2019) Spaces of novelty: can universities play a catalytic role in less developed regions? Science and Public Policy, 46(5): 763–771.

63 Muscio A (2013) University–industry linkages: What are the determinants of distance in collaborations? Papers in Regional Science, 92(4): 715–739.

64 Atkinson RD, Muro M and Whiton J (2019) The Case for Growth Centers: How to Spread Tech Innovation Across America. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute.

65 Isaksen A and Karlsen J (2010) Different modes of innovation and the challenge of connecting universities and industry: Case studies of two regional industries in Norway. European Planning Studies, 18(12): 1993–2008.

66 Vallance P, Blažek J, Edwards J and Květoň V (2018) Smart Specialisation in regions with less-developed research and innovation systems: A changing role for universities? Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 36(2): 219–238.