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Notes
1 Youtie J and Shapira P (2008) Building an innovation hub: A case study of the transformation of university roles in regional technological and economic development. Research Policy, 37(8): 1118–1204.
2 Uyarra E (2010) Conceptualizing the regional roles of universities, implications and contradictions. European Planning Studies, 18(8): 1227–1246; Trippl M, Sinozic T and Lawton Smith H (2015) The role of universities in regional development: Conceptual models and policy institutions in the UK, Sweden and Austria. European Planning Studies, 23(9): 1722–1740.
3 Clark BR (1998) The entrepreneurial university: Demand and response. Tertiary Education and Management, 4(1): 5–16.
4 Nelles J and Vorley T (2010) Constructing an entrepreneurial architecture: An emergent framework for studying the contemporary university beyond the entrepreneurial turn. Innovative Higher Education, 35(3): 161–176.
5 Grimaldi R, Kenney M, Siegel DS and Wright M (2011) 30 years after Bayh–Dole: Reassessing academic entrepreneurship. Research Policy, 40(8): 1045–1057.
6 Mowery DC and Sampat BN (2005) The Bayh–Dole and university–industry technology transfer: A model for other OECD governments? Journal of Technology Transfer, 30(1–2): 115–127.
7 Olo D, Correia L and Rego MC (2020) The main challenges of higher education institutions in the 21st century: A focus on entrepreneurship. In AD Daniel, AAC Teixeira and MT Preto (eds.), Examining the Role of Entrepreneurial Universities in Regional Development, pp. 1–23. IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-0174-0.
8 Feldman MP (2000) Where science comes to life: University bioscience, commercial spin-offs, and regional economic development. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 2(3): 345–361.
9 Garnsey E and Heffernan P (2005) High-technology clustering through spin-out and attraction: The Cambridge case. Regional Studies, 39(8): 1127–1144.
10 Zucker LG and Darby MR (1996) Star scientists and institutional transformation: Patterns of invention and innovation in the formation of the biotechnology industry. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 93(23): 12709–12716.
11 Benneworth P and Charles D (2005) University spin-off policies and economic development in less successful regions: Learning from two decades of policy practice. European Planning Studies, 13(4): 537–557.
12 Leslie SW and Kargon RH (1996) Selling Silicon Valley: Frederick Terman’s model for regional advantage. Business History Review, 70(Winter): 435–472.
13 Piqué JM, Berbegal-Mirabent J and Etzkowitz H (2020) The role of universities in shaping the evolution of Silicon Valley’s ecosystem of innovation. Triple Helix Journal. doi:10.1163/21971927-bja10009.
14 See https://reap.mit.edu/ [Accessed 20 July 2020].
15 Etzkowitz H, Webster A, Gebhardt C and Terra BRC (2000) The future of the university and the university of the future: Evolution of ivory tower to entrepreneurial paradigm. Research Policy, 29(2): 313–330.
16 Benneworth P, Lawton Smith H and Bagchi-Sen S (2015) Building inter-organizational synergies in the regional Triple Helix. Industry and Higher Education, 29(1): 5–10.
17 See https://www.triplehelixassociation.org/ [Accessed 20 July 2020].
18 Gibb AA and Haskins G (2014) The university of the future: An entrepreneurial stakeholder learning organisation? In A Fayolle and DT Redford (eds.), Handbook on the Entrepreneurial University, pp. 25–63. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
19 Abreu M, Grinevich V, Hughes A and Kitson M (2009) Knowledge Exchange between Academics and the Business, Public and Third Sectors. Cambridge: UK Innovation Research Centre.
20 Uyarra E (2010) Conceptualizing the regional roles of universities, implications and contradictions. European Planning Studies, 18(8): 1227–1246.
21 Sánchez-Barrioluengo M and Benneworth P (2019) Is the entrepreneurial university also regionally engaged? Analysing the influence of university’s structural configuration on third mission performance. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 141(April): 206–218; Bellandi M, Caloffi A and De Masi S (2020) Bottom-level organizational changes within entrepreneurial and engaged models of university: Insights from Italy. Journal of Technology Transfer. doi:10.1007/s10961-020-09805-6; Thomas E and Pugh R (2020) From “entrepreneurial” to “engaged” universities: Social innovation for regional development in the Global South. Regional Studies. doi:10.1080/00343404.2020.1749586.
22 Breznitz SM and Feldman MP (2012) The engaged university. Journal of Technology Transfer, 37(2): 139–157.
23 Gunasekara C (2006) The generative and developmental roles of universities in regional innovation systems. Science and Public Policy, 33(2): 137–150.
24 Goddard J and Vallance P (2013) The University and the City. London: Routledge.
25 König A and Evans J (2013) Introduction: Experimenting for sustainable development? Living laboratories, social learning and the role of universities. In Regenerative Sustainable Development of Universities and Cities: The Role of Living Laboratories, pp. 1–24. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar; Tewdwr-Jones M (2017) Health, cities and planning: Using universities to achieve place innovation. Perspectives in Public Health, 137(1): 31–34; Van Geenhuizen M (2018) A framework for the evaluation of living labs as boundary spanners in innovation. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 36(7): 1280–1298.
26 Comunian R and Gilmore A (eds.) (2016) Higher Education and the Creative Economy: Beyond the Campus. Abingdon: Routledge.
27 Chatterton P and Goddard J (2000) The response of higher education institutions to regional needs. European Journal of Education, 35(4): 475–496.
28 Vallance P (2016) The historical roots and development of the civic university. In J Goddard, E Hazelkorn, L Kempton and P Vallance (eds.), The Civic University: The Policy and Leadership Challenges, pp. 16–33. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
29 Sørensen M, Geschwind L, Kekäle J and Pinherio R (eds.) (2019) The Responsible University: Exploring the Nordic Context and Beyond. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
30 Arocena R, Göransson B and Sutz J (2015) Knowledge policies and universities in developing countries: Inclusive development and the “developmental university”. Technology in Society, 41(1): 10–20.
31 Watson D, Hollister RM, Stroud SE and Babcock E (2011) The Engaged University: International Perspectives on Civic Engagement. London: Routledge.
32 See https://talloiresnetwork.tufts.edu/ [Accessed 20 July 2020].
33 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2007) Higher Education and Regions: Globally Competitive, Locally Engaged. Paris: OECD.
34 See https://www.oecd.org/education/imhe/highereducationinregionalandcitydevelopment.htm [Accessed 20 July 2020].
35 Goddard J, Hazelkorn E, Kempton L and Vallance P (2016) Introduction: Why the civic university? In J Goddard, E Hazelkorn, L Kempton and P Vallance (eds.), The Civic University: The Policy and Leadership Challenges, pp. 3–15. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
36 Goddard et al. (2016), see Reference 35.
37 Goddard et al. (2016), see Reference 35.
38 Hazelkorn E (2016) Contemporary debates. Part 2: Initiatives, governance and organisational structures. In J Goddard, E Hazelkorn, L Kempton and P Vallance (eds.), The Civic University: The Policy and Leadership Challenges, pp. 34–64. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar; Sánchez-Barrioluengo and Benneworth (2019), see Reference 21; Bellandi et al. (2020) , see Reference 21.
39 Benneworth P, Zeeman N, Pinherio R and Karlsen J (2017) National higher education policies challenging universities’ regional engagement activities. Ekonomiaz, 92(2): 112–139.
40 Jöns H and Hoyler M (2013) Global geographies of higher education: The perspective of world university rankings. Geoforum, 46(1): 45–59; Hazelkorn E (2015) Rankings and the Reshaping of Higher Education: The Battle for World-Class Excellence. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
41 Uyarra E (2010) Conceptualizing the regional roles of universities, implications and contradictions. European Planning Studies, 18(8): 1227–1246; Trippl et al. (2015) , see Reference 2.
42 Asheim BT, Isaksen A and Trippl M (2020) The role of the regional innovation system approach in contemporary regional policy: Is it still relevant in a globalised world? In M González-López and BT Asheim (eds.), Regions and Innovation Policies in Europe: Learning from the Margins, pp. 1–11. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
43 Isaksen A, Jakobsen S-E, Njøs R and Normann R (2019) Regional industrial restructuring resulting from individual and system agency. European Journal of Social Science Research, 32(1): 48–65.
44 Morgan K and Nauwelaers C (1999) A regional perspective on innovation: From theory to strategy. In K Morgan and C Nauwelaers (eds.), Regional Innovation Strategies: The Challenge for Less Favoured Regions, pp. 1–17. London: Routledge; Musyck B and Reid A (2007) Innovation and regional development: Do European Structural Funds make a difference? European Planning Studies, 15(7): 961–983.
45 Oughton C, Landabaso M and Morgan K (2002) The regional innovation paradox: Innovation policy and industrial policy. Journal of Technology Transfer, 27(1): 97–110.
46 Foray D (2015) Smart Specialisation: Opportunities and Challenges for Regional Innovation Policy. Abingdon: Routledge.
47 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2013) Innovation-Driven Growth in Regions: The Role of Smart Specialisation. Paris: OECD.
48 Vallance P, Blažek J, Edwards J and Kvĕtoň V (2018) Smart Specialisation in regions with less-developed research and innovation systems: A changing role for universities? Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 36(2): 219–238.
49 Muscio A, Reid A and Rivera Leon L (2015) A empirical test of the regional innovation paradox: Can Smart Specialisation overcome the paradox in Central and Eastern Europe? Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 18(2): 153–171; Morgan K (2017) Nurturing novelty: Regional innovation policy in the age of Smart Specialisation. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 35(4): 569–583.
50 Markkula M and Kune H (2015) Making smart regions smarter: Smart Specialization and the role of universities in regional innovation ecosystems. Technology Innovation Management Review, 5(10): 7–15; Virkkala S, Mäenpää A and Mariussen Å (2017) A connectivity model as a potential tool for Smart Specialization strategies. European Planning Studies, 25(4): 661–679.
51 Kempton L (2015) Delivering Smart Specialization in peripheral regions: The role of universities. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 2(1): 489–496; Edwards J, Marinelli E, Arregui-Pabollet E and Kempton L (2017) Higher education for Smart Specialisation: Towards strategic partnerships for innovation (S3 Policy Brief Series No. 23/2017). Brussels: European Commission.
52 Marques P and Morgan K (2018) The heroic assumptions of Smart Specialisation: A sympathetic critique of regional innovation policy. In A Isaksen, R Martin and M Trippl (eds.), New Avenues for Regional Innovation Systems—Theoretical Advances, Empirical Cases and Policy Lessons, pp. 275–293. New York: Springer.
53 Benneworth P, Pinheiro R and Karlsen J (2017b) Strategic agency and institutional change: Investigating the role of universities in regional innovation systems (RISs). Regional Studies, 51(2): 235–248.