Effects of exercise training on bone mineral density in adults living with HIV: a retrospective study

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow diagram of the study. HIV; Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Table 1. Baseline clinical characteristics and body composition in PLHIV with osteopenia/osteoporosis (MLHIV + and WLHIV+) and without osteopenia/osteoporosis (MLHIV − and WLHIV−) (n = 39).

	MLHIV+ (n = 12)	MLHIV- (n = 14)	p-values	WLHIV+ (n = 8)	WLHIV- (n = 5)	p-values
Clinical characteristics
Age (y)	47.4 ± 6.3	48.2 ± 8.7	0.79	54.6 ± 3.7	42.6 ± 8.7	0.01
Years diagnosed with HIV	14.2 ± 5.4	18.6 ± 8.5	0.17	13.1 ± 3.9	13.7 ± 2.8	0.79
Years taking cART	11.4 ± 5.4	14.5 ± 9.0	0.34	11.7 ± 4.9	7.3 ± 5.7	0.19
T CD4 (cell.mm^−3)	647.0 ± 182.7	605.8 ± 414.0	0.82	719.4 ± 127.6	601.9 ± 522.0	0.60
cART regimen
PI (n, %)	9 (75)	9 (64)	0.68	4 (50)	3 (60)	1.00
NRTI (n, %)	12 (100)	13 (92)	1.00	8 (100)	5 (100)	1.00
NNRTI (n, %)	3 (25)	6 (42)	0.42	4 (50)	2 (40)	1.00
II (n, %)	1 (8)	1 (7)	1.00	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.00
Body composition
Body mass (kg)	71.3 ± 15.9	78.8 ± 11.0	0.17	54.8 ± 7.0	59.8 ± 9.6	0.30
Body fat (kg)	18.0 ± 8.7	19.1 ± 6.5	0.73	16.1 ± 3.7	18.6 ± 6.4	0.38
Lean body mass (kg)	51.5 ± 9.2	56.9 ± 6.1	0.10	36.4 ± 4.7	38.9 ± 5.4	0.39
ASM index (kg.m^−2)	12.1 ± 2.1	13.4 ± 1.5	0.10	8.6 ± 1.3	9.5 ± 0.8	0.22
BMI (kg.m^−2)	23.0 ± 3.7	25.0 ± 3.0	0.16	21.9 ± 2.7	23.7 ± 2.5	0.27
Whole body BMD (g.cm^−2)	1.02 ± 0.07	1.19 ± 0.07	<0.001	1.00 ± 0.12	1.07 ± 0.12	0.37
Femoral neck BMD (g.cm^−2)	0.82 ± 0.07	1.09 ± 0.08	<0.001	0.82 ± 0.05	1.01 ± 0.11	0.001
Total femur BMD (g.cm^−2)	0.83 ± 0.08	1.11 ± 0.09	<0.001	0.88 ± 0.08	1.09 ± 0.16	0.01
Lumbar spine BMD (g.cm^−2)	1.02 ± 0.15	1.21 ± 0.16	<0.01	0.99 ± 0.16	1.12 ± 0.27	0.29

Results are expressed as mean ± SD or %. p values in bold denote statistically significant differences within a given sex. HIV; Human Immunodeficiency Virus; cART, combined antiretroviral therapy; PI, protease inhibitors; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; II, integrase inhibitors; ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; BMI, body mass index; BMD, bone mineral density. Significant differences in bold.

Figure 2. Individual and mean data depicting the change from baseline (Δ) for bone mineral density for the whole body (A), femoral neck (B), total femur (C), and lumbar spine (D) of men with (MLHIV+) and without osteopenia/osteoporosis (MLHIV−). *p < 0.05.

Figure 3. Individual and mean data depicting the changes from baseline (Δ) for bone mineral density for the whole body (A), femoral neck (B), total femur (C), and lumbar spine (D) of women with (WLHIV+) and without osteopenia/osteoporosis (WLHIV−). *p < 0.05.

Figure 4. Correlations between changes from baseline (Δ) for bone mineral density in femoral neck and baseline femoral neck T-score (A), time of follow-up (B), appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (C), and age (D) in men living with HIV.

Figure 5. Correlations between changes from baseline (Δ) for bone mineral density in femoral neck and baseline femoral neck T-score (A), time of follow-up (B), appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (C), and age (D) in women living with HIV.