Determinants of late presentation of HIV positive individuals: a study in Kosovo

Figures & data

Table 1. Patient characteristics.

Patient characteristics	Total N (%)	Late Presenters N (%)	Non-Late Presenters N (%)	p-Value
Total, n (%)	85 (100.0%)	43 (50.6%)	42 (49.4%)
Sex, n (%)
Male	74 (87.1%)	35 (47.3%)	39 (52.7%)	0.20
Female	11 (12.9%)	8 (72.7%)	3 (27.3%)
Median age at diagnosis in years	33.0	40.0	27.0	<0.001
IQR, n (%)	26.0–43.0 85 (100.0%)	31.0–46.0 43 (50.6%)	23.0–35.0 42 (49.4%)
≤18	4 (4.7%)	0 (0%)	4 (100.0%)	<0.001
19–30	34 (40.0%)	11 (25.6%)	21 (50.0%)
31–55	43 (50.6%)	30 (69.8%)	13 (30.2%)
≥56	4 (4.7%)	3 (75.0%	1 (25.0%)
Mode of transmission, n (%)
Heterosexual	22 (25.9%)	15 (68.2%)	7 (31.8%)	0.025
MSM	35 (41.2%)	11 (31.4%)	24 (68.6%)
Bisexual	6 (7.1%)	3 (50.0%)	3 (50.0%)
Not declared	22 (25.9%)	14 (63.6%)	8 (36.4%)
Median CD4 count at diagnosis	348.0	126.0	509.5	<0.001
(cells/mL) IQR, n	126.0 − 508.0 85 (100%)	46.5–258.5 43 (50.6%)	442.0–656.0 42 (49.4%)
Viral Load at diagnosis	4.6	4.6	4.6	0.492
(log10 copies/mL) IQR, n	3.38–5.37, 79 (92.9%)	3.43–5.56, 38 (48.1%)	3.20–5.15, 41 (51.9%)
≤4.0	25 (31.6%)	12 (48.0%)	13 (52.0%)	0.005
4.1–5.0	27 (34.2%)	7 (25.9%)	20 (74.1%)
≥5.1	27 (34.2%)	19 (70.4%)	8 (29.6%)

Table 2. Determinants associated with late presentation.

late presenters/non-late presenters
Variable	OR (95% CI)	p-value	AOR (95%CI)	p-value
Sex
Female	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Male	2.97 (0.73–12.09)	0.13	6.51 (0.49–86.90)	0.16
Age groups at diagnosis
≤18	–	*	–	*
19–30	5.54 (2.07–14.8)	<0.01	3.49 (0.74–16.52)	0.12
31–55	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥56	0.77 (0.07–8.11)	0.83	1.08 (0.08–15.31)	0.95
Mode of transmission
Heterosexual	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
MSM	4.68 (1.49–14.71)	0.008	2.35 (0.37–15.07)	0.37
Bisexual	2.14 (0.34–13.42)	0.42	2.14 (0.24–19.03)	0.50
Not declared	1.22 (0.35–4.27)	0.75	0.53 (0.09–2.96)	0.47
Log VL groups at diagnosis
<4.0	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
4.1–5.0	2.64 (0.82–8.45)	0.10	2.46 (0.57–10.58)	0.23
>5.1	0.39 (0.12–1.21)	0.39	0.20 (0.04–0.90)	0.036

Table 3. Late presentation (LP) rates across multiple studies.

Country/Region	% LP	% VLP	Prevalent mode of transmission for LP	Ref
Europe (EIDB)	50.4	NA	Heterosexual	3
Belgium	44.0	24.0	Heterosexual	7
Spain	34.7	NA	NA	8
Spain	44.6	26.4	IDU, Heterosexual	9
Italy	55.7	37.9	Heterosexual	10
Italy	55.6	39.7	Heterosexual	11
Poland	62.9	68.7	Heterosexual, IDU	13
Poland	44.8	NA	Heterosexual	14
Turkey	47.2	23.0	NA	15
Turkey	49.4	NA	Heterosexual	16
Switzerland	49.8	NA	Heterosexual	17
France	47.7	29.3	Heterosexual	18
Greece	49.5	NA	MSM	22
US	23.3	NA	Heterosexual, IDU	19
Brazil	86.6	53.8	Heterosexual	23
Argentina	26.5	19.0	Heterosexual, IDU	20
Guatemala	81.1	NA	Heterosexual	24
Australia	18.8	NA	Heterosexual	25
Japan	61.4	36.6	Heterosexual	26
Asia (TAHOD)	72.0	NA	IDU	27
Vietnam	50.0	NA	Heterosexual	28
China	57.6	NA	Heterosexual	29
China	70.2	NA	Heterosexuals	30
Mozambique	47.0	NA	Heterosexual	31
Uganda	25.0	NA	NA	32
South Africa	60.0	NA	Heterosexual	33

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Data availability statement

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this article. Further enquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.