Health-related quality of life among people living with HIV in the era of universal test and treat: results from a cross-sectional study in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Figures & data

Table 1. Distribution of participants characteristics (N = 105).

Variable	Frequency	Column percentage
Age
18–59	89	84.8
60–70	16	15.2
Mean age (SD)	45.2 (13.2)	–
Range (years)	18–70	–
Sex
Male	53	50.5
Female	52	49.5
Virally suppressed
Yes	50	47.6
No	55	52.4
Any tertiary education
Yes	21	20.00
No	84	80.00
Married/in union
Yes	54	51.4
No	51	48.6
Any comorbidity
Yes	19	18.1
No	86	81.9
Any disability
Yes	3	2.9
No	102	97.1
Dwelling type
Formal house (made of brick)	77	73.3
Traditional house (mud house)	6	5.7
Informal house (made of wood)	22	21.0
WHO clinical staging
Stage 1	55	54.5
Stage 2	26	25.7
Stage 3	16	15.2
Stage 4	4	3.8
Missing	4	3.8

Table 2. Distribution of selected outcomes.

General health state (0 − 00)	74.78 (18.68)
<73	43	40.95
> = 73	62	69.05
Probable of depressive symptoms (CESD-10 ≥ 12)
Yes	83	78.10
No	22	29.90
Severe signs of depression (CESD-10 ≥ 16)
Yes	51	48.60
No	54	51.40
HRQOL index score (Mean, SD)	0.87 (0 .21)
Availability of social support
Yes	23	21.9
No	82	78.1

Table 3. Distribution of EQ5D5L dimensions.

HRQoL dimension	No problem (row %)	Some problems (row %)	Total (row %)
Mobility	78 (74.29)	27 (25.71)	105 (100)
Activity	81 (77.14)	24 (22.86)	105 (100)
Self-care	85 (81.90)	20 (18.10)	105 (100)
Pain/discomfort	69 (65.71)	36 (34.29)	105 (100)
Anxiety/depression	66 (62.86)	39 (37.14)	105 (100)

Table 4. Comparison of EQ-5D-5L index scores by selected variables.

Variable	EQ-5D-5L index value	p Value
Sex		0.1249
Male	0.8896
Female	0.8502
Virally suppresses		0.5662
Yes	0.8712
No	0.8696
Any disability		<0.001
Yes	0.4945
No	0.8814
Any comorbidity		0.051
Yes	0.6731
No	0.8682
Any tertiary qualification		0.3358
Yes	0.8803
No	0.8304
WHO stage		0.2313
1 and 2	0.8823
3 and 4	0.8301
Any depressive symptoms		0.014
No	0.9191
Yes	0.8188
Perceived health state (EQ-VAS)		<0.001
≥73	0.9339
<73	0.7759
Availability of social support		0.05
Yes	0.8911
No	0.7962

Mean index score = 0.87, SD = 0.21.

Table 5. Univariate and multivariate generalised linear models of predictors of EQ-5D-5L index score.

	Model 1 (Univariate)	Model 2 (Multivariate)
Predictor	Coefficient (SE)	Coefficient (SE)
Age ≥ 60	−0.047 (0.057)*	−0.040 (−0.058)*
Female	0.039 (0.041)	0.015 (0.042)
Virally suppressed	0.001 (0.041)	−0.002 (0.042)
Any disability	−0.387 (0.119)***	−0.607 (0.032)***
Weight	−0.004 (0.001)	0.002 (0.001)
Body mass index	−0.002 (0.001)	0.0005 (0.001)
WHO stage 3 and 4	−0.052 (0.049)	−0.024 (0.059)
EQ-VAS ≥ 73	0.160 (0.039)***	0.147 (0.042)***
Any comorbidity	−0.210 (0.053)*	−0.231 (0.059)*
Any depressive symptoms	−0.103 (0.0409)*	−0.101 (0.043)*
Any tertiary qualification	−0.0499 (0.050)	−0.036 (0.053)
Availability of social support	0.095 (0.047)*	0.098 (0.046)*

Key: *= p ≤ 0.05, **= p ≤ 0.005, and ***=p ≤ 0.001.

Table

		Mobility	Self-care	Usual-problems	Pain/discomfort	Anxiety/depression
Level 1	No problem	0	0	0	0	0
Level 2	Slight pProblems	0.073	0.068	0.060	0.082	0.050
Level 3	Moderate problems	0.146	0.110	0.081	0.138	127
Level 4	Severe problems	0.245	0.240	0.243	0.580	0.235
Level 5	Unable/extreme problems	0.376	0.354	0.306	0.798	0.285

Table

ITEM	Very strongly agree	Strongly agree	Mildly agree	Neural	Mildly disagree	Strongly disagree	Very strongly disagree
There is a special person who is around when I am in need	49 (46.67%)	17 1(6.91%)	6 (5.71%)	5 (4.76%)	7 (6.67%)	12 (11.43%)	9 (8.57)
There is a special person with whom I can share joys and sorrows	45 (42.86%)	17 (16.19%)	10 (9.52%)	3 (2.86%)	13 (12.38%)	9 (8.57%)	8 (7.62%)
My family really tries to help me	33 (31.43%)	16 (15.24%)	11 (10.48%)	10 (9.52%)	10 (9.52%)	6 (5.71%)	19 (18.10%)
I get the emotional help and support I need from my family	34 (32.38%)	16 (15. 24%)	14 (13.33%)	9 (8.57%)	8 (7.62%)	8 (8.62%)	16 (15.24%)
I have a special person who is a real source of comfort to me	44 (41.90%)	23 (21.90%)	13 (12.38%)	8 (7.62%)	7 (6.67%)	3 (2.86%)	7 (6.67%)
My friends really try to help me	17 (16.19%)	14 (13.33%)	12 (11.43%)	8 (7.62%)	11 (10.48%)	18 (17.14%)	25 23.81%)
I can count on my friends when things go wrong	15 (14.29%)	17 (16.19%)	10 (9.52%)	12 (11.43%)	9 (8.57%)	16 (15.24%)	26 (24/76%)
I can talk about my problems with my family	31 (29.52%)	23 (21.90%)	8 (4.62%)	5 (4.76%)	11 (10.48%)	17 (16.19%)	10 (9.52%)
I have friends with whom I can share my joys and sorrows	14 (13.33%)	22 (20.95%)	17 (16.19%)	7 (6.67%)	14 (13.33%)	10 (9.52%)	21 (20.0%)
There is a special person in my life who cares about my feelings	44 (41.90%)	26 (24.76%)	9 (8.57%)	8 (7.62%)	10 (9.52%)	4 (3.81%)	4 (3.81%)
My family is willing to help me make decisions	33 (31.43%)	14 (13.33%)	17 (16.19%)	7 (6.67%)	7 (6.67%)	13 (12.38%)	14 (13.33%)
I can talk about my problems with my friends	16 (15.24%)	13 (12.38%)	9 (8.57%)	7 (6.67%)	19 (18.10%)	15 (14.29%)	26 (24.76%)

Availability of data and materials

The data for this study may be accessed on request from the corresponding author.