Figures & data
Figure 1. (a) People with HIV cohort Identification and attrition. (b) Control cohort Identification and attrition. Abbreviations: ART: antiretroviral; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; PEP: post-exposure prophylaxis; PrEP: pre-exposure prophylaxis; MAPD: Medicare advantage with part D; NRTI: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.
Table 1. Baseline characteristics of study participants by cohort.
Table 2. Baseline comorbidity burden for people with HIV versus people without HIV.
Figure 2. Comorbidity and comedication burden stratified by age people with HIV people without HIV. *p<.05 for differences between people with HIV and people without HIV. All values presented are percentages. Multimorbidity defined as ≥2 non-HIV comorbid medical conditions. Polypharmacy defined as ≥ non-ART medications. Cancer: breast, liver, lung, leukaemia or lymphoma, colorectal, prostate, uterine, endometrial; CVD: acute myocardial infarction, ischaemic heart disease, cardiac dysrhythmia, heart failure; GI: diarrhoea, nausea/vomiting, peptic ulcer disease, oesophageal reflux; liver disease: cirrhosis and other liver conditions, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); neuropsychiatric: depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, bipolar/manic depression.
Figure 3. Comorbidity and comedication burden stratified by sex. *p<.05 for differences between people with HIV vs. people without HIV. All values presented are percentages. Multimorbidity defined as ≥2 non-HIV comorbid medical conditions. Polypharmacy defined as ≥ non-ART medications. Cancer: breast, liver, lung, leukaemia or lymphoma, colorectal, prostate, uterine, endometrial; CVD: acute myocardial infarction, ischaemic heart disease, cardiac dysrhythmia, heart failure; GI: diarrhoea, nausea/vomiting, peptic ulcer disease, oesophageal reflux; liver disease: cirrhosis and other liver conditions, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); neuropsychiatric: depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, bipolar/manic depression
Figure 4. (a) Multimorbidity stratified by age and sex. p < .05 for all comparisons of people with HIV vs. people without HIV–except 50–59 years in females (p = NS). All values presented are percentages. Multimorbidity defined as ≥3 non-HIV comorbid medical conditions. (b) Polypharmacy stratified by age and sex. p < .05 for all comparisons of people with HIV vs. people without HIV. All values presented are percentages. Polypharmacy defined as ≥3 non-ART medications.
Figure 5. Comorbidity and comedication burden stratified by race. *p<.05 for differences between people with HIV and people without HIV. All values presented are percentages. Cancer: breast, liver, lung, leukaemia or lymphoma, colorectal, prostate, uterine, endometrial: CVD: acute myocardial infarction, ischaemic heart disease, cardiac dysrhythmia, heart failure: GI: diarrhoea, nausea/vomiting, peptic ulcer disease, oesophageal reflux; liver disease: cirrhosis and other liver conditions, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): neuropsychiatric: depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, bipolar/manic depression. Multimorbidity defined as ≥2 non-HIV comorbid medical conditions. Polypharmacy defined as ≥ non-ART medications.
Supplemental Material
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Data used in this study cannot be publicly disclosed. Proprietary data in the Optum Research Database cannot be accessed without data security and privacy protocols in place, and a restrictive licence agreement to ensure oversight.