General and healthcare-related HIV stigma among cisgender Brazilian women: the role of socioeconomic vulnerability

Figures & data

Table 1. Lifetime general HIV-stigma experiences stratified by socioeconomic vulnerability status.

	Total		N-SEV		W-SEV		χ2	V	OR	95% CI
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Have you ever been aware of other people (other than family members) making discriminatory remarks or gossiping about you because of your HIV status? (n = 515)	264	51.26	105	47.30	159	54.27	2.46	0.07	0.28	−0.07 − 0.63
Have you ever been aware of family members making discriminatory remarks or gossiping about you because of your HIV status? (n = 524)	249	47.52	91	40.44	158	52.84	7.91*	0.12	0.50*	0.15–0.85
Has someone ever verbally harassed you (e.g., yelled, scolded, or was otherwise verbally abusive) because of your HIV status? (n = 526)	163	30.99	60	26.32	103	34.56	4.11*	0.09	0.38*	0.01–0.77
Have you ever been excluded from family activities because of your HIV status (n = 516)	132	25.58	40	18.02	92	31.29	11.71*	0.15	0.73*	0.31–1.15
Have you ever been refused employment or lost a source of income or job because of your HIV status? (n = 501)	128	25.55	41	18.98	87	30.53	8.61*	0.13	0.63*	0.21–1.05
Have you ever been excluded from social gatherings or activities (e.g., weddings, funerals, parties, clubs) because of your HIV status? (n = 490)	119	24.29	30	14.35	89	31.67	19.55*	0.2	1.02*	0.56–1.48
Has your wife/husband or partner(s) ever experienced discrimination because of your HIV status (n = 396)	95	23.99	41	23.56	54	24.32	0.03	<0.01	0.04	−0.42–0.51
Has your job description or the nature of your job ever changed, or have you ever been denied a promotion, because of your HIV status? (n = 475)	67	14.11	23	11.17	44	16.36	2.6	0.07	0.44	−0.1–0.98
Has someone ever blackmailed you because of your HIV status? (n = 525)	66	11.66	28	12.39	38	12.71	0.01	<0.01	0.03	−0.49–−0.55
Have you ever been excluded from religious activities or places of worship because of your HIV status? (n = 483)	46	9.52	12	5.85	34	12.23	5.57*	0.11	0.81*	0.12–1.49
Has someone ever physically harassed or hurt you (e.g., pushed, hit, or was otherwise physically abusive) because of your HIV status? (n = 524)	43	8.21	9	3.96	34	11.45	9.56*	0.14	1.14*	0.39–1.90
Any general HIV-related stigma experience	401	70.85	155	64.32	246	75.69	8.67*	0.12	0.55*	0.18–0.91

Notes: *p < 0.05, N-SEV = non-socioeconomic vulnerability group, W-SEV = with-socioeconomic vulnerability group.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, [ABC], upon reasonable request.