Psychosocial and socioeconomic changes among low-income people with HIV during the COVID-19 pandemic in Miami-Dade County, Florida: racial/ethnic and gender differences

Figures & data

Table 1. Psychosocial and socioeconomic changes during the COVID-19 pandemic by sex and race/ethnicity.

	Gender				Race/Ethnicity
	Total N^a	Women Actual n (Weighted %)	Men Actual n (Weighted %)	P-value (weighted)	Total N	Non-Hispanic Black Actual n (Weighted %)	Haitian Actual n (Weighted %)	Hispanic Actual n (Weighted %)	P-value (weighted)
Total sample	291	148	143		291	113	53	125
Compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic, I am sadder.	289			0.9531	289				0.1369
Agree	132	70 (46.67)	62 (47.10)		132	48 (40.64)	19(36.07)	65(51.22)
Disagree/neither	157	77 (53.33)	80 (52.90)		157	65 (59.36)	34(63.93)	58(48.78)
Compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic, I am lonelier.	291			0.4367	291				0.0004
Agree	105	55 (36.00)	50 (41.59)		105	33 (27.47)	11(19.66)	61 (48.62)
Disagree/neither	186	93 (64.00)	93 (58.41)		186	80 (72.53)	42(80.34)	64 (51.38)
Compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic, I am more anxious.	291			0.0582	291				<.0001
Agree	157	77 (50.71)	80 (64.20)		157	45 (40.13)	21(39.01)	91 (72.84)
Disagree/neither	134	71 (49.29)	63 (35.80)		134	68 (59.87)	32(60.99)	34 (27.16)
Compared to before COVID-19 pandemic, I am more stressed.	291			0.1138	291				<.0001
Agree	156	77 (51.03)	79 (62.37)		156	54 (47.91)	18(31.11)	84 (69.35)
Disagree/neither	135	71 (48.97)	64 (37.63)		135	59 (52.09)	35(68.89)	41 (30.65)
I worry about getting COVID-19.	291			0.1873	291				<.0001
Agree	185	95 (63.06)	90 (71.89)		185	65 (55.60)	22(38.16)	98 (80.73)
Disagree/neither	106	53 (36.94)	53 (28.11)		106	48 (44.40)	31(61.84)	27 (19.27)
I worry about my family or friends getting COVID-19.	289			0.0434	289				<.0001
Agree	234	116 (77.58)	118 (87.93)		234	88 (79.72)	34(61.61)	112 (92.27)
Disagree/neither	55	32 (22.42)	23 (12.07)		55	25 (20.28)	19(38.39)	11 (7.73)
Did you lose your job due to the COVID-19 pandemic?	291			0.0106	291				<.0001
Yes	91	45 (30.65)	46 (36.03)		91	21 (19.82)	20(36.38)	50 (40.00)
No	126	57 (38.54)	69 (49.87)		126	49 (42.48)	23(46.59)	54 (49.52)
No job prior	74	46 (30.81)	28 (14.10)		74	43 (37.71)	10(17.03)	21 (10.48)
Compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic, has your household income decreased?	287			0.0339	287				<.0001
Yes	170	81 (55.37)	89 (70.05)		170	48 (46.21)	31(57.22)	91(76.01)
No	117	66 (44.63)	51 (29.95)		117	64 (53.79)	20(42.78)	33 (23.99)
Compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic, I am unable to buy the food I need.	291			0.1755	291				0.4373
Agree	99	58 (39.26)	41 (30.02)		99	29 (25.75)	21 (36.69)	49 (33.23)
Disagree/neither	192	90 (60.74)	102 (69.98)		192	84 (74.25)	32(63.31)	76 (66.77)
Compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic, I have more difficulty paying for housing.	290			0.5668	290				0.0005
Agree	139	72 (49.07)	67 (53.27)		139	36 (32.98)	26(45.88)	77 (60.37)
Disagree/neither	151	75 (50.93)	76 (46.73)		151	77 (67.02)	26(54.12)	48 (39.63)
Compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic, I am now at risk of losing my current housing.	288			0.3812	288				0.0025
Agree	70	35 (24.07)	35 (29.93)		70	17 (15.59)	10(16.60)	43 (35.41)
Disagree/neither	218	110 (75.93)	108 (70.07)		218	96 (84.41)	40(83.40)	82 (64.59)
Compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic, I am drinking more alcohol.	291			0.8301	291				<.0001
Agree	25	9 (6.06)	16 (8.48)		25	17 (16.22)	3 (6.73)	5 (5.32)
Disagree/neither	107	52 (34.63)	55 (33.57)		107	65 (55.60)	12(25.77)	30 (27.51)
No alcohol use	159	87 (59.31)	72 (57.95)		159	31 (28.18)	38(67.49)	90 (67.17)
Compared to before the COVID-10 pandemic, I am using more illegal drugs.	291			0.4535	291				<.0001
Agree	10	3 (1.99)	7 (5.33)		10	4 (2.97)	2 (5.26)	4 (5.13)
Disagree	84	38 (25.80)	46 (21.17)		84	65(59.99)	9 (17.88)	10 (9.54)
No drug use	197	107 (72.21)	90 (73.51)		197	44 (37.04)	42(76.86)	111 (85.33)
Compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic, I spend more time caring for children.	288			0.0014	288				0.0229
Agree	68	46 (31.13)	22 (13.41)		68	35 (28.01)	8 (14.74)	25 (13.42)
Disagree/neither	220	99 (68.87)	121 (86.59)		220	78 (71.99)	42(85.26)	100(86.58)
Compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic, I spend more time caring for family members or other adults who need me.	290			0.6135	290				0.0086
Agree	127	64 (44.18)	63 (40.53)		127	63 (57.57)	20(34.56)	44 (36.69)
Disagree/neither	163	83 (55.82)	80 (59.47)		163	50 (42.43)	32(65.44)	81 (63.31)
Compared to before COVID-19 pandemic, I am getting the support I need from family members or friends.*	291			0.5077	291				0.2340
Agree	50	29 (19.57)	21 (15.95)		50	14 (10.70)	12(23.45)	24 (17.62)
Disagree/neither	241	119 (80.43)	122 (84.05)		241	99 (89.30)	41(76.55)	101 (82.38)

^a Sample size of individuals who responded to each question.

*Reverse coded.

Statistically significant results are bolded.

Table 2. COVID-19 mental health changes: weighted adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for reported changes in mental health variables compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic.

	Sadder during COVID-19 pandemic aOR (95% CI)	Lonelier during COVID-19 pandemic aOR (95% CI)	More anxious during COVID-19 pandemic aOR (95% CI)	More stressed during COVID-19 pandemic aOR (95% CI)
Age (years)
18-34	0.88 (0.41–1.88)	1.14 (0.52–2.48)	1.19 (0.49–2.92)	2.30 (0.99–5.39)
35-54	0.90 (0.52–1.54)	0.56 (0.32–0.98)	0.41 (0.22–0.75)	1.00 (0.57–1.74)
55+	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Sex
Female	1.25 (0.66–2.37)	1.43 (0.72–2.83)	1.16 (0.58–2.31)	1.16 (0.60–2.23)
Male	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Race/Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic Black	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Haitian	0.69 (0.15–3.18)	1.52 (0.33–7.02)	3.13 (0.71–13.79)	0.32 (0.07–1.55)
Hispanic	1.32 (0.55–3.16)	4.20 (1.67–10.55)	11.55 (3.68–36.26)	3.50 (1.31–9.35)
Language
English	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Spanish	1.84 (0.72–4.73)	0.76 (0.29–1.95)	0.41 (0.12–1.40)	0.48 (0.16–1.41)
Creole	1.83 (0.34–9.81)	0.31 (0.05–1.98)	0.22 (0.04–1.17)	1.13 (0.21–6.23)
US Born
Yes	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
No	0.69 (0.29–1.64)	0.92 (0.38–2.22)	0.99 (0.37–2.62)	1.57 (0.63–3.90)

aOR = adjusted odds ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval.

Statistically significant results are bolded.

Table 3. COVID-19 worry: weighted adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for reported changes in COVID-19 worry variables compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic.

	Worry about getting COVID-19 aOR (95% CI)	Worry about family or friends getting COVID-19 aOR (95% CI)
Age (years)
18–34	0.58 (0.25–1.34)	1.04 (0.39–2.80)
35–54	1.14 (0.61–2.14)	4.33 (1.76–10.63)
55+	Ref	Ref
Sex
Female	1.41 (0.68–2.93)	0.89 (0.36–2.15)
Male	Ref	Ref
Race/ Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic Black	Ref	Ref
Haitian	1.22 (0.29–5.20)	0.60 (0.10–3.68)
Hispanic	3.73 (1.37–10.14)	1.23 (0.38–4.14)
Language
English	Ref	Ref
Spanish	1.58 (0.53–4.64)	3.12 (0.79–12.40)
Creole	0.40 (0.08–2.04)	0.47 (0.07–3.02)
US Born
Yes	Ref	Ref
No	0.57 (0.22–1.48)	0.82 (0.26–2.61)

aOR = adjusted odds ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval.

Statistically significant results are bolded.

Table 4. COVID-19 socioeconomic changes: weighted adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for reported changes in mental health variables compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic.

	Lost job* aOR (95% CI)	Household income decreased aOR (95% CI)	Unable to buy the food needed aOR (95% CI)	At risk of losing current housing aOR (95% CI)	More difficulty paying for housing aOR (95% CI)
Age (years)
18–34	0.72 (0.31–1.69)	0.84 (0.35–2.01)	0.57 (0.24–1.32)	0.94 (0.41–2.16)	2.11 (0.91–4.87)
35–54	0.57 (0.30–1.05)	0.42 (0.22–0.79)	0.53 (0.30–0.95)	0.48 (0.26 − 0.88)	0.45 (0.25–0.80)
55+	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Sex
Female	1.20 (0.56–2.60)	0.78 (0.40–1.53)	1.65 (0.84–3.23)	1.10 (0.52–2.34)	1.35 (0.69–2.65)
Male	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Race/ Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic Black	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Haitian	1.04 (0.20–5.45)	1.85 (0.41–8.39)	1.47 (0.30–7.10)	1.45 (0.23–9.04)	1.91 (0.43–8.51)
Hispanic	0.75 (0.26–2.22)	2.75 (1.08–6.99)	1.84 (0.68–4.95)	1.59 (0.53–4.78)	1.94 (0.77–4.89)
Language
English	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Spanish	2.96 (0.98–8.96)	1.30 (0.46–3.71)	0.33 (0.12–0.90)	2.35 (0.79–6.95)	2.04 (0.78–5.38)
Creole	1.85 (0.32–10.88)	0.72 (0.14–3.75)	0.31 (0.06–1.66)	0.63 (0.08–4.93)	0.80 (0.16–4.06)
US Born
Yes	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
No	1.15 (0.42–3.12)	1.45 (0.58–3.65)	4.00 (1.55–10.31)	1.17 (0.43–3.18)	1.36 (0.55–3.31)

aOR = adjusted odds ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval.

*Excluded those who did not have a job prior to the pandemic.

Statistically significant results are bolded.

Table 5. COVID-19 drug and alcohol use changes: weighted adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for reported changes in drug and alcohol use compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic.

	Drinking more alcohol* aOR (95% CI)	Using more illegal drugs** aOR (95% CI)
Age (years)
18-34	3.50 (0.88–13.96)	0.36 (0.05–2.91)
35-54	1.33 (0.34–5.17)	0.40 (0.05–3.22)
55+	Ref	Ref
Sex
Female	0.68 (0.18–2.65)	0.55 (0.06–5.29)
Male	Ref	Ref
Race/ Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic Black	Ref	Ref
Haitian	0.80 (0.15–4.42)	10.13 (0.78–131.83)
Hispanic	0.47 (0.16–1.37)	14.68 (2.06–104.79)

aOR = adjusted odds ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval.

*Excluded those who did not drink prior to the pandemic.

**Excluded those who did not use illegal drugs prior to the pandemic.

Statistically significant results are bolded.

Table 6. COVID-19 related caring responsibilities and social support: weighted adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for reported changes in caring responsibility/ social support variables compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic.

	More time caring for children aOR (95% CI)	More time caring for family members or other adults aOR (95% CI)	Getting the support needed from family members or friends* aOR (95% CI)
Age (years)
18–34	1.14 (0.42–3.12)	1.19 (0.55–2.60)	0.54 (0.18–1.63)
35–54	1.04 (0.50–2.15)	1.15 (0.67–2.00)	0.71 (0.36–1.43)
55+	Ref	Ref	Ref
Sex
Female	2.86 (1.36–6.04)	1.06 (0.56–2.03)	1.26 (0.55–2.88)
Male	Ref	Ref	Ref
Race/ Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic Black	Ref	Ref	Ref
Haitian	0.89 (0.17–4.56)	0.56 (0.13–2.37)	1.62 (0.16–16.57)
Hispanic	0.60 (0.19–1.89)	0.58 (0.24–1.40)	1.15 (0.27–4.98)
Language
English	Ref	Ref	Ref
Spanish	0.83 (0.23–2.95)	1.19 (0.46–3.11)	5.56 (1.10–28.03)
Creole	0.23 (0.03–1.90)	1.16 (0.23–5.95)	6.04 (0.51–72.26)
US Born
Yes	Ref	Ref	Ref
No	1.01 (0.35–2.91)	0.51 (0.22–1.19)	0.30 (0.08–1.16)

*Reverse coded.

aOR = adjusted odds ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval.

Statistically significant results are bolded.