Community perceptions on land and water acquisitions in the Okavango Delta: implications for rural livelihoods

Figures & data

Figure 1. Study area map including Khwai, Tubu and Etsha 6 villages in the Okavango Delta, Botswana.

Table 1. Population size, number of listed households, Sample size, and Response rate in the study villages.

Village	Population	Number of listed households (N)	Sample Size	Response rate
Tubu	483	71	42	42 (100%)
Etsha 6	3133	614	85	35 (41.2%)
Khwai	460	104	51	39 (76.6%)

Table 2. Distribution of households by socio-economic characteristics.

Socio-economic characteristics		Khwai	Etsha	Tubu	Total
Age	21–39	18	9	13	40
	40–55	10	15	14	39
	56 and above	11	11	15	37
Gender	Female	23	27	23	73
	Male	16	8	19	43
Ethnicity	San (Babukhakhwe)	30	0	0	30
	San	0	1	2	3
	Bayeyi	5	15	40	63
	Bahambukushu	1	18	1	16
	Other	3	1	0	4
Marital Status	Single	25	19	22	68
	Co-habiting	5	6	10	21
	Married	7	6	8	20
	Divorced	0	1	0	1
	Widowed	2	3	1	6
Education	None	15	13	13	40
	Primary Education	5	9	12	26
	Junior Secondary Education	13	10	12	36
	Senior Secondary Education	5	2	5	12
	Tertiary Education	1	1	0	2
Employment	Unemployed	24	24	28	76
	Employed	10	2	11	24
	Self-Employed	5	9	3	14

Figure 2. Perceptions of the direction of land exchanges in the Okavango Delta, Botswana.

Table 3. Nature and Impacts of Land acquisitions on local livelihoods in the Okavango Delta.

		Khwai	Etsha	Tubu
TYPE OF LAND ACQUISITIONS	Concession	33	3	5
	Borrowing	1	8	22
	Unknown	0	13	14
	Purchases	8	10	5
	Leases	14	3	0
	Rentals	7	5	3
	Inheritances	0	2	0
NEGATIVE IMPACTS	No negative impact perceived	11	14	20
	Restrictions of access to land resources	7	6	3
	Local knowledge and awareness issues	0	0	9
	Human wildlife conflict	4	0	2
	Ecological impacts	7	0	0
	Delayed local developments	2	0	0
	Local development trust issues	18	16	14
	Change of national political administration	4	0	0
	Poaching	3	0	0
	Nepotism	2	11	3
	Dispossessions of land from locals	15	2	17
	Land enclosures for locals	8	2	7
	Ressetlements of locals	30	8	11
POSITIVE IMPACTS	No positive impacts perceived	4	24	20
	Agricultural productivity	0	5	6
	Job creation	27	10	4
	Business opportunities for locals	8	3	0
	Food hamper donations and school uniform donations	7	2	12
	Transport donations from the tourism camps	4	0	3
	Scholarships and skills training	8	0	0
	Monetary donations and annual returns	17	0	2
	Solar equipment donations	8	0	0
	Infrastructural developments	6	0	0
	Livelihood enrichments	25	10	7
	Inclusions of locals in land acquisition decisions	27	13	26