Application and influence factors of capacitive deionization method for removing inorganic contaminated ions

Figures & data

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of typical CDI principles (a) steps of deionization, (b) steps of electrode regeneration

Figure 2. Influence factors of CDI

Table 1. Adsorption comparison of materials with different specific surface areas, pore volumes and pore size

Materials	SSA (m^2 g^−1)	Pore Volume (cm^3 g^−1)	Pore Size (nm)	Electrosorption Capacity (mg g^−1)	Reference
STGS	305	n.a.	>3.5	4.95	[31]
GN	178	n.a.	n.a.	2.85
CJF	607	0.52	3.05	n.a.	[32]
ACJF:1–600	888	0.53	3.06	0.78
ACJF:1–700	1955	1.35	3.05	1.18
ACJF:1–800	1579	0.85	3.05	0.98
NPCS600	683	0.34	2.01	5.00	[33]
NPCS800	1113	0.56	2.02	5.49
NPCS1000	1640	0.79	1.80	5.85
GE-N	127	0.244	n.a.	2.07	[34]
AGE-15	568	0.763	n.a.	5.09
AGE-30	898	1.223	n.a.	6.26
AGE-60	282	0.52	n.a.	3.55
AGE-90	176	0.338	n.a.	2.76
CNF-600	481	0.23	n.a.	2.0	[35]
CNF-800	579	0.26	n.a.	6.3
CNF-1000	617	0.27	n.a.	13.3
MMC	2726	1.73	n.a.	20.78	[36]
K-C	1740	0.82	n.a.	16.63
P-C	1594	0.88	n.a.	15.20
D-C	354	0.15	n.a.	9.95
CNF	509	n.a.	1.6	n.a.	[37]
RG/CNT-10/C	634	n.a.	2.05	8.8
PG-10	281.3	n.a.	2.1	n.a.	[38]
PG-30	542.8	n.a.	2.5	15.7
PG-50	413.1	n.a.	2.8	n.a.
OMC	1410	5.08	1.79	56.62	[77]
AW ACF cloths	1294	1.15	0.74	16.02

Note: n.a. refers to not applicable.

Figure 3. Different drying methods in the preparation of RF-CAs [91]

Figure 4. (a)1% GO (Graphene oxide) aqueous suspension, (b) optical image of the GO emulsion gel, (c) low magnitude SEM image of GO aerogel, (d) high magnitude SEM image of GO aerogel cross section and (e) lateral section [48]

Figure 5. CDI operation mode (a) Flow-by system and (b) flow-through system [92]

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