Recent progress and perspectives on metal oxide catalysts for thermocatalytic and photocatalytic oxidation of VOCs: a review

Figures & data

Figure 1. The temperature required for catalytic reactions of typical VOCs.

Table 1. Manganese-based catalysts for VOCs’ oxidation in the literature.

Catalyst	VOCs	Space velocity/flow rate	Conc. (ppm)	Activity	Ref.
Mn3O4 Mn2O3 MnO2	Toluene	/	1 000	90% (270°C) 90% (295°C) 90% (375°C)	[40]
Mn3O4 Mn2O3 MnxOy	Toluene	30 000 mL g^−1 h^−1	1 000	90% (248°C) 90% (265°C) 90% (287°C)	[41]
1D-MnO2 2D-MnO2 3D-MnO2	Ethanol	45 000 mL g^−1 h^−1	300	90% (148°C) 90% (133°C) 90% (127°C)	[42]
5% CeOy/MnO2	Chlorobenzene	60 000 mL g^−1 h^−1	1 000	100% (360°C)	[43]
Cu1Mn5Ox	Styrene	30 000 mg L^−1 min^−1	100	99.9% (190°C)	[44]
FeMnO2 Co-MnO2 Ni-MnO2 Cu-MnO2 MnO2	Toluene	48 000 mL g^−1 h^−1	1 000	90% (259°C) 90% (305°C) 90% (314°C) 90% (274°C) 90% (324°C)	[45]
Er-MnO2	Toluene	30 000 mL g^−1 h^−1	1 000	99% (226°C)	[46]
CR-Mn10Co1	Toluene	30 000 mL g^−1 h^−1	1 000	90% (232°C)	[47]

Table 2. Cobalt-based catalysts for VOCs’ oxidation in the literature.

Catalyst	VOCs	Space velocity/Flow rate	Conc. (ppm)	Activity	Ref
cube-stacked Co3O4 plate-stacked Co3O4 needle-stacked Co3O4 sheet-stacked fan-shaped Co3O4	Toluene	48 000 mL g^−1 h^−1	1 000	90% (248°C) 90% (257°C) 90% (259°C)-	[49]
CoxZr1-xO2	Toluene Formaldehyde	20 000 mL g^−1 h^−1	500	100% (225°C) 100% (115°C)	[50]
MCS/Co-30	Ethylene	15 000 mL g^−1 h^−1	1 000	100% (185°C)	[51]
CuCo0.5/C	Toluene	40 000 mL g^−1 h^−1	1 000	90% (243°C)	[53]
Co3O4 1Ru/Co3O4	1,2-dichloroethane	35 000 mL g^−1 h^−1	1 000	90% (375°C) 90% (310°C)	[54]
5Co1Mn (Mn-substituted Co3O4 with Co/Mn at 5.4)	Toluene	60 000 mL g^−1 h^−1	1 000	90% (237°C)	[55]
Cu0.2Co	Toluene	40 000 mL g^−1 h^−1	1 000	90% (240°C)	[56]
Co3−xMxO4-500	Toluene	60 000 mL g^−1 h^−1	1 000	90% (274°C)	[57]

Table 3. Cerium-based catalysts for VOCs’ oxidation in the literature.

Catalyst	VOCs	Space velocity/flow rate	Conc. (ppm)	Activity	Ref.
CeO2-350°C CeO2-450°C CeO2-550°C CeO2-650°C	o-xylene	60 000 mL h^−1 g^−1	500	90% (250°C) 90% (252°C) 90% (246°C) 90% (275°C)	[61]
CeMOF	Toluene	22 500 mL g^−1 h^−1	1 000	90% (206°C)	[63]
0.57 wt% CeO2-0.05 wt% Pt/TiO2	Acetone	40 000 mL g^−1 h^−1	1 000	90% (245°C)	[66]
4Ce1Cu 4Ce1Cr 4Ce1Mn 4Ce1Fe 4Ce1Co 4Ce1Ni 4Ce1V CeO2	Trichloroethylene	9 000 mL g^−1 h^−1	1 000	90% (224°C) 90% (232°C) 90% (336°C) 90% (398°C) 90% (404°C) 90% (441°C) 90% (480°C) 90% (550°C)	[67]
Al2O3–CeO2 Pt-Al2O3–CeO2 PdAl2O3–CeO2 Rh-Al2O3–CeO2 V2O5-Al2O3-CeO2	Dichloromethane	32 000 mL g^−1 h^−1	500	90% (392°C) 90% (375°C) 90% (396°C) 90% (375°C) 90% (385°C)	[68]
Pt/CeO2	Toluene	48 000 mL g^−1 h^−1	1 000	90% (150°C)	[69]
Co(0.7)CeOx	Vinyl chloride	15 000 h^−1	1 000	90% (282°C)	[70]
Au/CeHEO-500	Toluene	60 000 h^−1	1 000	100% (260°C)	[71]
Pt@CeO2-BDC	Toluene	34 500 h^−1	1 000	90% (172°C)	[72]

Table 4. Chromium-based catalysts for VOCs’ oxidation in the literature.

Catalyst	VOCs	Space velocity/Flow rate	Conc.(ppm)	Activity	Ref.
Cr2O3/Fe2O3 Cr2O3	Methane	-	366	83% (450°C) 97% (550°C) 62% (450°C) 95% (550°C)	[77]
Pt/M-Cr2O3	Toluene	20 000 mL g^−1 h^−1	1 000	90% (144°C)	[79]
MnOx/Cr2O3	Toluene	60 000 mL g^−1 h^−1	1 000	85% (270°C)	[80]
Cr2O3/CeO2	Trichloroethylene	20 000 mL g^−1 h^−1	750	90% (255°C)	[81]
Co2.5%-Cr1.5%	Acetone Benzene Toluene o-xylene	80 000 mL g^−1 h^−1	10 30 30 30	removal in the multi-VOCs mixtures from high to low: o-xylene > toluene > benzene > acetone.	[82]

Table 5. Vanadium-based catalysts for the oxidation of VOCs in the literature.

Catalyst	VOCs	Space velocity/Flow rate	Conc.(ppm)	Activity	Ref.
VOx-Wox/TiO2	PCDD/Fs	2 000 h^−1	5.60 ng I-TEQ Nm^−3	76.4% (180°C)	[89]
Vox/nano-TiO2	PCDD/Fs	10 000 h^−1	3152.6 ng I-TEQ Nm^−3	94.4% (200°C)	[85]
Mn/SVO SVO	Toluene Benzene	50 000 h^−1	1000	90% (407°C) 90% (431°C)	[84]
VOx/TiO2 VOx-MoOx/TiO2 VOx-Wox/TiO2	O-DCB	6 000 h^−1	100	73% (200°C) 42% (200°C) 70% (200°C)	[90]
V2O5/TiO2	Chlorobenzene	6 000 mL g^−1 h^−1	50 mg·L^−1	70% (450°C)	[91]
ZSM-5 ZSM-5+VOx/Al2O3	n-Heptane	-	-	40.19% (570°C) 50.26% (570°C)	[88]
V2O5/TiO2 PdPty/V2O5/TiO2	Toluene	40 000 mL g^−1 h^−1	1000	90% (350°C) 90% (245°C)	[92]
ε-MnO2/Mn2V2O7	Formaldehyde	-	20 mg·L^−1	72% (30°C)	[93]
PrV5W/Ti	Chlorobenzene	50 000 h^−1	50 ppm	100% (210°C)	[94]

Figure 2. Proposed mechanism of VOCs degradation over TiO₂.

Table 6. Titanium-based catalysts for VOCs’ oxidation in the literature.

Catalyst	VOCs	Conc.(ppm)	Activity	Light	Ref.
TiO2(O3)	Cyclohexane	100	89%	UV light	[103]
TiO2/Zeolite	Toluene	50	70%	UV light	[104]
TiO2/AC TiO2/Glass	Acetaldehyde	1	79.9% 81.9%	UV light	[105]
TiO2/SiO2	Ethyl Acetate	325	100%	UV-visible light	[106]
TiO2/Graphene	Benzene IPA	0.8 800	two-fold increase in the photocatalytic removal	UV light	[102]
TiO2/Pd	n-Hexane Cyclohexane n-Octane Isooctane	100 120	96% 88%	UV-visible light	[101]
TiO2/Bi	Toluene	0.5 μL	97%	UV-visible light	[107]
Er^3+-TiO2	Oxylene o-xylene in o-xylene-acetaldehyde mixture o-xylene-ethylene mixture	50	90% 85% 80%	UV-visible light	[108]
Fe-I-TiO2 TiO2 Fe-TiO2 I-TiO2	Benzene	31.4	59.38% 4.72% 37.35% 45.29%	Visible light	[109]
TiO2/WO3	Cyclohexane	100	90%	LED UV light	[110]
g-C3N4/Ag−TiO2	Acetaldehyde	25	69.5	Visible light	[111]

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of MVK mechanism (a), L–H mechanism (b), and E–R mechanism (c).

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