Cultural Adaptation of Interventions and the a Priori Assessment of Intervention Fit: Exploring Measurement Invariance for American and Swedish Youth Leaving Care

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow-chart of the measurement invariance testing process.

Table 1. Overview of measurement invariance results by scale.

Measures and subscales	Configural	Metric	Partial Metric	Scalar	Partial Scalar
MLSES (Table 2)
Self-regulation	Yes	Yes	–	Yes	–
Managing Others	Yes	Yes	–	Yes	–
Achievement	Yes	Yes	–	No	Yes
MLAC (Table 3)
Career	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Education	Yes	Yes	–	No	No
Daily Life	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
YTPA (Table 4)	Yes	No	Yes	–	–
CDSE (Table 5)
Self-appraisal	Yes	Yes	–	No	Yes
Gathering Occupational Information	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes
Goal Selection	Yes	Yes	–	Yes	–
Problem-solving	Yes	Yes	–	No	Yes
Making Plans	Yes	Yes	–	No	Yes
Resilience	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes

Table 2. Measurement invariance of the my life activity checklist sub-scales.

Structural models	Robust X^2	df		p	Δ X^2	Δdf(p)	Robust RMSEA		95% CI RMSEA	TLI	CFI	ΔCFI
Career subscale
Configural	(model did not converge)
Education subscale
Configural	150.46	88	<.01		-	-		.061	.044;.077	.969	.975
Metric	168.75	98	<.01		16.63	10(.08)		.061	.045;.077	.968	.972	−.003
Scalar	159.89	97	<.01		16.27	1 (<.01)		.058	.041;.074	.971	.975	+.003
Daily life subscale
Configural	(model did not converge)

Note: Significant differences (p < .05 and ΔCFI > .01) are shown in bold.

Table 3. Measurement invariance of the youth transition planning and assessment scale.

Structural models	Robust X^2	df		p	Δ X^2	Δdf(p)	Robust RMSEA		95% CI RMSEA	RobustTLI	RobustCFI	ΔCFI
Total scale
Configural	850.96	208	<.01		-	-		.137	.128;.147	.742	.777	-
Metric	916.53	223	<.01		65.82	15(<.01)		.137	.128;.146	.742	.760	.017
Partial Metric	873.41	220	<.01		21.60	12(.043)		.125	.117;.133	.753	.774	.003

Note: Significant differences (p < .05 and ΔCFI > .01) are shown in bold.

Table 4. Measurement invariance of the my life self-efficacy sub-scales.

Structural models	Robust X^2	df	p	Δ X^2	Δdf(p)	Robust RMSEA	95% CI RMSEA	Robust TLI	Robust CFI	ΔCFI
Self-regulation subscale
Configural	5.58	4	.233	-	-	.050	.000;.137	.982	.994	-
Metric	9.54	7	.216	3.95	3(.27)	.047	.000;.113	.984	.991	.003
Scalar	14.83	10	.138	5.44	3(.14)	.053	.000;.106	.980	.983	.008
Managing Others subscale Configural	27.77	18	.066	-	-	.058	.000;.098	.972	.982	-
Metric	30.83	23	.127	2.35	5(.80)	.045	.000;.082	.983	.987	−.005
Scalar	38.25	28	.094	7.53	5(.18)	.046	.000;.079	.983	.984	.003
Achievement subscale Configural	31.89	18	.023	-	-	.069	.026;.107	.957	.974	-
Metric	32.19	23	.096	1.34	5(.93)	.050	.000;.088	.977	.982	−.008
Scalar	63.29	28	.000	35.74	5(.00)	.088	.059;.117	.929	.934	.048
Partial Scalar	34.76	26	.117	2.19	3(.53)	.046	.000;.082	.981	.983	−.001

Note: Significant differences (p < .05 and ΔCFI > .01) are shown in bold.

Table 5. Measurement invariance of the career decision-making self-efficacy sub-scales.

Structural models	Robust X^2	df	p	ΔX^2	Δdf(p)	Robust RMSEA	95% CI RMSEA	Robust TLI	Robust CFI	ΔCFI
Self-Appraisal subscale Configural	10.84	10	.370			.026	.000;.101	.996	.998
Metric	12.27	14	.585	.45	4(.98)	.000	.000;.072	1.01	1.00	−.002
Scalar	23.19	18	.184	13.53	4(.01)	.044	.000;.089	.987	.988	.012
Partial Scalar	17.15	17	.445	5.71	3(.13)	.008	.000;.075	1.00	1.00	.000
Gathering Occupational Information subscale Configural	7.79	10	.650			.000	.000;.069	1.00	1.01
Metric	19.35	14	.152	12.52	4(.01)	.047	.000;.093	.983	.988	.022
Partial Metric	9.68	11	.559	1.92	1(.17)	.000	.000;.073	1.00	1.01	.000
Scalar	15.57	15	.411	6.27	4(.18)	.015	.000;.073	.998	.999	.01
Goal Selection subscale Configural	15.24	10	.124			.065	.000;.126	.979	.989
Metric	20.15	14	.126	4.15	4(.39)	.055	.000;.105	.985	.989
Scalar	25.69	18	.107	5.48	4(.24)	.053	.000;.096	.986	.987	.002
Problem-Solving subscale Configural	27.22	10	.002			.093	.061;.126	.923	.962
Metric	34.28	14	.002	5.16	4(.27)	.104	.006;.148	.943	.960	.002
Scalar	49.11	18	.000	16.81	4(.00)	.109	.073;.146	.937	.943	.017
Partial Scalar	39.12	17	.002	6.87	3(.27)	.095	.056;.135	.952	.959	.001
Making Plans subscale Configural	41.35	10	.000			.130	.091;.173	.898	.949
Metric	42.58	14	.000	1.74	4(.78)	.106	.071;.143	.933	.953	−.004
Scalar	56.09	18	.000	13.66	4(.01)	.106	.076;.138	.933	.939	.014
Partial Scalar	46.58	17	.000	3.52	3(.32)	.097	.064;.131	.944	.952	.001

Note: Significant differences (p < .05 and ΔCFI > .01) are shown in bold.

Table 6. Measurement invariance of the short-version resilience scale.

Structural models	Robust X^2	df	p	ΔX^2	Δdf(p)	Robust RMSEA	95% CI RMSEA	Robust TLI	Robust CFI	ΔCFI
Resilience Model: Configural	312.21	154	.000			.082	.069;.095	.910	.924
Metric	339.15	167	.000	27.03	13(.01)	.082	.069;.094	.911	.914	.01
Partial Metric	333.62	166	.000	20.97	12(.05)	.081	.069;.094	.913	.920	.004
Scalar	408.29	179	.000	87.68	13(.00)	.090	.079;.102	.892	.893	.027
Partial Scalar	350.02	175	.000	15.95	9(.07)	.080	.068;.093	.915	.918	.002

Note: Significant differences (p < .05 and ΔCFI > .01) are shown in bold.