Bond strength between titanium and polymer-based materials adhesively cemented

Figures & data

Table 1. The materials used in the study, including main material content and the abbreviation of each group. Grey zone: the polymer-based material, white zone: the different adhesive cement systems.

Materials	Main material content	Groups
Polymer; Micro Filled Hybrid (MFH)	Components: Monomer based on acrylic esters (methacrylic oligomer >60%, glycol methacrylate 15–25%, phosphine oxide >2.5%), inorganic fillers
Polymer; Telio CAD (Telio)	Components: Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), pigments
Multilink Hybrid Abutment (Multi) including SR Connect	Dual cure Components: Dimethacrylate, HEMA, fillers (barium glass, ytterbium trifluoride, spheroid mixed oxides, titanium dioxide) Components: Methyl methacrylate, polymethyl methacrylate, dimethacrylates, initiators	T-Multi-MFH	T-Multi-Telio
Panavia V5 (V5) including Clearfil Ceramic Primer Plus	Dual cure Components: Bisphenol A, diglycidyl methacrylate triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, silanated barium glass filler, silanated fluoroalminosilicate glass filler colloidal silica, aluminum oxide filler, hydrophobic aromatic dimethacrylate, hydrophilic aliphatic dimethacrylate dl-Camphorquinone, initiators accelerators, pigments Components: Original MDP adhesive monomer, y-MPS silane monomer	T-V5-MFH	T-V5-Telio
RelyX Ultimate Adhesive Resin Cement (RelyX) including Scotchbond Univeral Adhesive Primer	Dual cure Components: Methacrylate monomers, methacrylate monomers radiopaque, silanated fillers radiopaque alkaline (basic) fillers, initiator components, stabilizers, rheological additives, pigments, fluorescence dye Components: MDP phosphate monomer dimethacrylate resins HEMA Vitrebond™ copolymer, filler, ethanol, water, initiators, silane	T-RelyX-MFH	T-RelyX-Telio
G-CEM-LinkAce (GCem)	Dual cure Components: Urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) 10–20%, dimethacrylate 10–20%, 2-hydroxy-1,3 dimethacryloxypropane 5–10%, methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate 2.5–5%, surface-treated silica, silane, synergist, α,α-dimethylbenzyl hydroperoxide <1%, 6-tert-butyl-2,4-xylenol <0.25%	T-GCem-MFH	T-GCem-Telio

Main material content is supplied by the manufacturers.

Table 2. The results from the shear bond strength test in MPa (mean, SD, maximum and minimum), including number of specimens.

Groups	n for SBS-test (total n)	Mean, MPa	SD	Maximum, MPa	Minimum, MPa
T-Multi-Telio	10 (13)	7	3.7	15.4	0.0
T-V5-Telio	1 (13)	0.06^a	0.05^a	0.8^a	0.0^a
T-RelyX-Telio	13 (13)	20	2.7	28.8	14.7
T-GCem-Telio	1 (13)	0.08^a	0.09^a	1.07^a	0.0^a
T-Multi-MFH	13 (13)	24	10.8	35.7	3.0
T-V5-MFH	10 (13)	11	10.6	30.2	0.0
T-RelyX-MFH	13 (13)	33	2.5	42.1	22.9
T-GCem-MFH	13 (13)	32	4.7	42.9	12.4

^aThe majority of the specimens debonded (loss of retention) before shear bond strength testing.

Figure 1. Representative images of adhesive and mixed fractures. (a) Mixed fracture for group T-Multi-MFH. (b) Adhesive fracture for group T-GCem-Telio. The cement remains only on the cementation surface of the titanium and has completely detached from Telio CAD. The white areas on the titanium surface is the thin layer of primer from the respective cement systems.

Table 3. Distribution of type of fracture (adhesive and mixed failure) per group.

Groups	n for SBS-test (total n)	Adhesive (n)	Mixed (n)
T-Multi-Telio	10 (13)	13	0
T-V5-Telio	1 (13)	13	0
T-RelyX-Telio	13 (13)	13	0
T-GCem-Telio	1 (13)	13	0
T-Multi-MFH	13 (13)	6	7
T-V5-MFH	10 (13)	6	7
T-RelyX-MFH	13 (13)	3	10
T-GCem-MFH	13 (13)	13	0