Physical-chemical characterization and bond strength to zirconia of dental adhesives with different monomer mixtures and photoinitiator systems light-activated with poly and monowave devices

Figures & data

Table 1. Composition of the experimental adhesives.

Base mixture	Photoinitiator system
Bis-GMA/TEGDMA (1:1) 0.2wt% BHT, 10.0wt% HEMA, 10.0wt% ethanol	0.5wt% CQ, 1.0wt% DABE
	0.5wt% CQ, 1.0wt% DPIHP
	0.5wt% CQ, 0.5wt% DABE, 0.5wt% DPIHP
	0.5wt% CQ, 1.0wt% TAS-Sb
	0.5wt% CQ, 0.5wt% DABE, 0.5wt% TAS-Sb
Bis-GMA/Bis-EMA (1:1) 0.2wt% BHT, 10.0wt% HEMA, 10.0wt% ethanol.	0.5wt% CQ, 1.0wt% DABE
	0.5wt% CQ, 1.0wt% DPIHP
	0.5wt% CQ, 0.5wt% DABE, 0.5wt% DPIHP
	0.5wt% CQ, 1.0wt% TAS-Sb
	0.5wt% CQ, 0.5wt% DABE, 0.5wt% TAS-Sb

Bis-GMA^a: Bisphenol A glycidyl dimethacrylate; TEGDMA^a: triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; Bis-EMA^a: ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate; BHT^b: butylated hydroxytoluene; HEMA^a: 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate; CQ^b: camphorquinone; DABE^b: 1,2 diaminobenzene; DPIHP^b: diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate; TAS-Sb^b: triarylsulfonium hexafluoroantimoniate.

^aSourced from Esstech (Essington, PA, USA); ^bSourced from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA).

Figure 1. Device used for the cementation procedure.

Figure 2. Mean values of degree of conversion (DC) (%). Different letters on top of each column indicate statistically significant difference between experimental adhesives (p < .05). Adhesives prepared without DABE did not cure properly and were not included in the analysis.

Table 2. Mean values and standard deviations of degree of conversion (DC), water sorption (SO), and water solubility (SL).

Monomer mixture	Photoinitiator system	LCU	DC (%)	SO (µg/mm³)	SL (µg/mm³)
Bis-GMA / |TEGDMA	CQ/DABE	Valo	43.3 (4.3)^ab	56.1 (6.5)^aaaaa	59.9 (7.3)^daa
		Dabi	49.4 (3.4)^abc	58.7 (3.8)^abcaaa	44.7 (9.8)^bca
	CQ/DABE/DPIHP	Valo	54.0 (8.1)^abc	70.9 (1.5)^deaaa	43.8 (1.3)^bc
		Dabi	62.2 (6.9)^abc	69.2 (3.5)^bcdeaa	44.7 (2.2)^bca
	CQ/DABE/TAS-Sb	Valo	58.9 (9.8)^bcd	70.0 (4.98)^deaaa	24.2 (0.8)^aaa
		Dabi	56.4 (5.8)^abc	67.9 (4.8)^bcdea	26.2 (5.1)^aa
Bis-GMA / Bis-EMA	CQ/DABE	Valo	76.0 (12.6)^de	62.1 (2.6)^abcda	53.4 (6.4)^cda
		Dabi	84.6 (8.6)^e	65.5 (3.9)^abcde	60.1 (11.1)^daa
	CQ/DABE/DPIHP	Valo	49.0 (4.4)^abc	58.63 (8.5)^abcaa	33.5 (1.0)^ab
		Dabi	40.4 (3.1)^a	75.2 (9.1)^eaaaa	31.4 (3.1)^a
	CQ/DABE/TAS-Sb	Valo	75.0 (11.3)^de	58.8 (2.7)^abcaaa	30.11 (7.1)^aa
		Dabi	76.7 (11.2)^de	66.8 (3.3)^bcdea	31.2 (1.7)^a

For each property, values followed by the same letter are statistically similar (p > .05).

Figure 3. Mean values of water sorption (SO) (µg/mm³). Different letters on top of each column indicate statistically significant difference between experimental adhesives (p < .05).

Figure 4. Mean values of water solubility (SL) (µg/mm³). Different letters on top of each column indicate statistically significant difference between experimental adhesives (p < .05).

Figure 5. Mean values of shear bond strength (µSBS) (MPa) of experimental adhesives. Different letters on top of each column indicate statistically significant difference between experimental adhesives (p < .05).

Table 3. Mean values and standard deviations of microshear bond strength (µSBS).

Monomer mixture	Photoinitiator system	LCU	µSBS (MPa)
Bis-GMA / TEGDMA	CQ/DABE	Valo	55.1 (13.8)^ba
		Dabi	49.1 (9.0)^aba
	CQ/DABE/DPIHP	Valo	32.87 (7.85)^aa
		Dabi	30.4 (18.1)^aa
	CQ/DABE/TAS-Sb	Valo	43.13 (7.9)^ab
		Dabi	45.72 (12.1)^ab
Bis-GMA / Bis-EMA	CQ/DABE	Valo	41.1 (13.1)^aba
		Dabi	32.6 (14.3)^aa
	CQ/DABE/DPIHP	Valo	41.8 (17.5)^ab
		Dabi	43.3 (10.9)^ab
	CQ/DABE/TAS-Sb	Valo	41.2 (11.9)^ab
		Dabi	44.0 (16.2)^ab

Values followed by the same letter are statistically similar (p > .05).