Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium study of six morphogenetic characters in a population of Punjab, Pakistan

Figures & data

Figure 1. Data collected from areas in Punjab, Pakistan.

Table 1. Observed characters and traits in individuals.

Sr. No.	Character	Traits (Phenotypes)	Gene action
1	Blood Group	A, B, AB, O	A and B are Co-dominant while both are dominant over O
2	Rhesus (Rh) factor	Positive or Negative	Rh-positive is dominant over Rh-negative
3	Tongue rolling	Presence (positive) or Absence (negative)	Presence is dominant over Absence
4	Earlobe	Attach or Free	Free earlobe is dominant over attach earlobe
5	Nature of hairs	Curly, wavy, Straight	Incomplete dominance
6	Dimple	Present (either one or both sides) or Absent	Presence is dominant over Absence

Figure 2. Rolling Tongue.

Figure 3. Non-Rolling Tongue

Figure 4. Attach Earlobe.

Figure 5. Free Earlobe.

Figure 6. Straight Hair.

Figure 7. Wavy Hair.

Figure 8. Curling Hair.

Figure 9. Dimple present.

Figure 10. Dimple Absent.

Figure 11. Sample size in percentage originated from different cities of Punjab. Other cities include Bahawalnagar, Bahawalpur, Bhakkar, Burewala, Layyah, Lodhran, Muzaffargarh, Narowal, Okara, Rahim Yar Khan, Rajanpur, Sahiwal, Toba Tek Singh, Vehari and Nankana sahib.

Table 2. Calculating the expected Mendelian phenotypic ratio for triallelic and diallelic characters in population.

	Triallelic
	A	B	O
A	AA	AB	AO
B	AB	BB	BO
O	AO	BO	OO
AA+AO: BB+BO : AB : OO
3 : 3 : 2 : 1
	Diallelic
	A	a
A	AA	Aa
a	Aa	aa
Complete dominance	AA+Aa : aa
	3 : 1
Incomplete dominance	AA : Aa : aa
	1 : 2 : 1

Table 3. Percentage of different traits in population, males and females.

Characters	Blood Group				Rh factor		Tongue Rolling		Earlobe		Nature of hairs			Dimple
Traits	A	B	AB	O	Positive	Negative	Positive	Negative	Free	Attach	Straight	Wavy	Curly	Present	Absent	No. of Individuals
Population%	24.75	38.28	9.35	27.61	86.03	13.97	59.96	40.04	71.29	28.71	52.81	30.14	17.05	22.77	77.23	909
Male %	26.02	38.48	9.29	26.21	85.13	14.87	58.92	41.08	70.07	29.93	52.79	30.11	17.10	24.16	75.84	538
Female %	22.91	38.01	9.43	29.65	87.33	12.67	61.46	38.54	73.05	26.95	52.83	30.19	16.98	20.75	79.25	371

Table 4. Chi-square analysis and Allelic frequency of different traits of human characters in the whole population.

Characters	Blood Group				Rh factor		Tongue Rolling		Earlobe		Nature of hairs			Dimple
Traits	A	B	AB	O	Positive	Negative	Roller	Non-roller	Free	Attach	Curly	Wavy	Straight	Present	Absent
Allele	p	q	–	r	p	q	p	q	p	q	p	–	q	p	q
Allele frequency	0.199	0.276	–	0.525	0.626	0.374	0.367	0.633	0.464	0.536	0.273	–	0.727	0.121	0.879
${\mathcal{X}}^2$ Value	${\mathcal{X}}^2$ = 317.30*, df=3				${\mathcal{X}}^2$ = 58.96*, df = 1		${\mathcal{X}}^2$ = 109.72*, df = 1		${\mathcal{X}}^2$ = 2.842^N.S,df = 1		${\mathcal{X}}^2$ = 375.76*,df = 2			${\mathcal{X}}^2$ = 1322*,df = 1

‘*’ indicate 5% level of significance.

^N.S Non-Significant. ^df Degree of freedom.

Table 5. Chi-square analysis and Allelic frequency of different traits of human characters in males.

Characters	Blood Group				Rh factor		Tongue Rolling		Earlobe		Nature of hairs			Dimple
Traits	A	B	AB	O	Positive	Negative	Roller	Non-roller	Free	Attach	Curly	Wavy	Straight	Present	Absent
Allele	p	q	–	r	p	q	p	q	p	q	p	-	q	p	q
Allele frequency	0.211	0.277	–	0.512	0.614	0.386	0.359	0.641	0.452	0.548	0.273	-	0.727	0.129	0.871
${\mathcal{X}}^2$ Value	${\mathcal{X}}^2$ = 163.72*, df = 3				${\mathcal{X}}^2$ = 29.44*, df = 1		${\mathcal{X}}^2$ = 74.17*, df = 1		${\mathcal{X}}^2$ = 6.96*,df = 1		${\mathcal{X}}^2$ = 222.16*,df = 2			${\mathcal{X}}^2$ = 741*,df = 1

‘*’ indicate 5% level of significance.

^N.S Non-Significant. ^df Degree of freedom.

Table 6. Chi-square analysis and Allelic frequency of different traits of human characters in females.

Characters	Blood Group				Rh factor		Tongue Rolling		Earlobe		Nature of hairs			Dimple
Traits	A	B	AB	O	Positive	Negative	Roller	Non-roller	Free	Attach	Curly	Wavy	Straight	Present	Absent
Alleles	p	q	–	r	p	q	p	q	p	q	p	–	q	p	q
Allele frequency	0.181	0.275	–	0.544	0.644	0.356	0.379	0.621	0.481	0.519	0.273	–	0.727	0.110	0.890
${\mathcal{X}}^2$ Value	${\mathcal{X}}^2$ = 161.41*, df=3				${\mathcal{X}}^2$ = 30.08*, df=1		${\mathcal{X}}^2$ = 36.29*, df = 1		${\mathcal{X}}^2$ = 0.75^N.S,df = 1		${\mathcal{X}}^2$ = 153.60*,df=2			${\mathcal{X}}^2$ = 582*, df = 1

‘*’ indicate 5% level of significance.

^N.S Non-Significant. ^df Degree of freedom

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in figshare at [https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12014817.v1].