Anti-obesity effects of individual or combination treatment with Spirulina platensis and green coffee bean aqueous extracts in high-fat diet-induced obese rats

Figures & data

Table 1. The composition of the diet for the experimental rats.

	Control diet		High-fat diet
Ingredients (g/100 g)	Weight (g)	Calories (%)	Weight (g)	Calories (%)
Ground corn	35.6	43.88	25.6	21.90
Ground barley	30	34.95	0.3	0.24
Dried skim milk	10	12.06	20	16.74
Wheat bran	10	7.29	18.5	9.37
Soybean milk	10	1.82	6.1	0.77
Corn oil	0	0	24.6	50.98
Mineral mixture	3	0	3.5	0
Vitamin mixture	1	0	1	0
Choline	0.2	0	0.2	0
Methionine	0.2	0	0.2	0
Total calories (Cal/100 g)		296.14		426.59

Table 2. Primers used for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).

Gene name	Primers
Fatty acid synthase (FAS)	Forward: 5′-GAGTATACAGCCACCGACCG-3′
	Reverse: 5′-AGTTGCACACCACAAGGTCA-3′
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α)	Forward: 5′-GTCGAGATTCAGTGTCACC-3′
	Reverse: 5′-GACCTTGATCTTGACCTGG-3′
Peroxisome proliferator-activated alpha (PPARα)	Forward: 5′-CCAGGTTACCTTGCTGAAG-3′
	Reverse: 5′-GAACTCTCGGGTGATGAAG-3′
β actin	Forward: 5′-CCACCATGTACCCAGGCATT-3′
	Reverse: 5′-CGGACTCATCGTACTCCTGC-3′

Figure 1. Effects of the individual or combination treatment with Spirulina platensis and green coffee bean aqueous extract anthropometric measurements, daily food intake. liver and subcutaneous WAT weights of HFD-induced obese rats (A-H). A. Body weight change, B. Final body weight change (left panel) and final body wight (right panel), C. Daily food intake, D. BMI, E. Abdominal circumference, F. subcutaneous WAT weight, G. liver weight, and H. Hepatosomatic index. Values are represented as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM) in each group (n = 8–10). The means bearing different superscripts are significantly different (P < 0.05).

Table 3. Effects of the individual or combination treatment with Spirulina platensis and green coffee bean aqueous extract on liver function in HFD-induced obese rats.

Parameter	Control	HFD	HFD + Spirulina platensis	HFD + green coffee	HFD + Spirulina platensis + green coffee
Total proteins (g/dL)	6.45 ± 0.06^a	6.72 ± 0.02^a	6.84 ± 0.02^a	6.93 ± 0.04^a	7.28 ± 0.39^a
Albumin (g/dL)	3.19 ± 0.02^b	3.31 ± 0.02^b	3.36 ± 0.03^b	3.26 ± 0.10^b	3.57 ± 0.07^a
Total globulins (g/dL)	3.27 ± 0.04^b	3.26 ± 0.03^b	3.48 ± 0.04^a	3.68 ± 0.06^a	3.71 ± 0.35^a
A/G ratio	0.98 ± 0.01^a	0.98 ± 0.03^a	0.97 ± 0.02^a	0.89 ± 0.04^a	0.99 ± 0.09^a
ALT (U/L)	110.20 ± 4.79^b	134.23 ± 3.56^a	88.97 ± 4.79^c	93.48 ± 5.07^c	73.37 ± 5.77^d
AST (U/L)	173.20 ± 5.10^b	210.50 ± 9.99a	184.00 ± 9.97^ab	193.69 ± 9.55^ab	142.84 ± 9.05^c
ALP (U/L)	133.47 ± 2.95^b	157.01 ± 4.43^a	98.27 ± 5.45^c	84.12 ± 2.65^d	66.77 ± 2.79^e

Values are represented as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM) in each group. HFD, high-fat diet; A/G, albumin/globulin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase.

^a–cThe means within the same row and bearing different superscripts are significantly different.

Figure 2. Effects of the individual or combination treatment with Spirulina platensis and green coffee bean aqueous extracts on lipid profile in HFD-induced obese rats (A-E). A. Total cholesterol, B. Triacylglycerol, C. High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, D. Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and Very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Values are represented as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM) in each group (n = 8–10). The means bearing different superscripts are significantly different (P < 0.05).

Table 4. Effects of the individual or combination treatment with Spirulina platensis and green coffee bean aqueous extract on the serum levels of leptin, insulin, and glucose in HFD-induced obese rats.

Parameter	Control	HFD	HFD + Spirulina platensis	HFD + green coffee	HFD + Spirulina platensis + green coffee
Leptin (ng/mL)	0.22 ± 0.01^d	0.38 ± 0.02^a	0.26 ± 0.01^c	0.31 ± 0.004^b	0.17 ± 0.003^e
Insulin (µIU/mL)	0.31 ± 0.01^a	0.22 ± 0.01^c	0.28 ± 0.01^b	0.27 ± 0.002^b	0.29 ± 0.004^b
Glucose (mg/dL)	83.66 ± 2.52^c	152.20 ± 12.21^a	120.37 ± 10.43^b	119.77 ± 3.08^b	117.80 ± 4.60^b

Values are represented as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM) in each group. HFD, high-fat diet.

^a–cThe means within the same row and bearing different superscripts are significantly different.

Figure 3. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis to determine the hepatic mRNA expression levels of FAS (A), PGC-1α (B), and PPARα (C) in the control, HFD (high-fat diet-fed group), Spirulina (HFD + Spirulina platensis extract-treated group), G. coffee (HFD + green coffee bean extract-treated group), and Cotreated (HFD + Spirulina platensis and green coffee bean extract-treated group) groups. Values are represented as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM) in each group. The means bearing different letters (a, b, and c) are significantly different (P < 0.05).