Review: phytochemistry and medicinal properties of Solanum torvum fruits

Figures & data

Figure 1. A photograph of Solanum torvum Fruit. Picture taken by Williams Kweku Darkwah (author).

Table 1. S. torvum fruits phytochemicals and their therapeutic use.

Phytochemicals	Therapeutics
Alkaloids	Keep the body against oxidative stress. ii. Chemotherapeutic treatment. iii. Used as chemo preventive agents. iv. Constrain, reverse, or delay tumorigenesis
Flavonoids	Prevention of heart-related disease ii. Possess anti-ulcer properties.
Tannins	Prevention of heart-related disease. ii. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. iii. Lower and maintain the systolic and diastolic Blood Pressure.
Glycosides	Nutritive purposes. ii. Effective for cough ailments. iii. Treatment of liver and spleen enlargement
Tocopherols / vitamin E	Sustain metabolism and boost immune system. ii. Inhibit the formation of carcinogens in the stomach. iii. Prevent the growth of cataracts in the eyes.
Phenols	Lower blood cholesterol. ii. Prevention of breast, colon and prostate cancers iii. Used in cancer therapy.
Oils	Optimal performance of the brain, ii. regulate reproductive function iii. Enhance bone health. iv. Treatment of pains associated with rheumatoid arthritis Dermatology disease therapy.
Vitamin C	Keeps the body against oxidative stress.

Table 2. Summary of the medicinal properties of S. torvum fruits, underlying mechanisms and phytochemicals involved.

Medicinal properties	Mechanisms	Phytochemicals Involved	Reference
Cardio-protection & treatment of heart related diseases	Inhibition enzymes activities. Prevention and reversion of hyper-insulinemia	Flavonoids, and polyphenols	Fui (2012); Jaiswal and Mohan (2012); Kamble et al. (2009); Liu et al. (1977)
Nephro-Protective and Anti-Oxidant Activity	Chelation of free iron Reduction of DOX toxicity.	Flavonoids, and phenols	Abas et al. (2006); Loganayaki et al. (2010); Vaclavıkova et al. (2008); Waghulde et al. (2011).
Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activity	Inhibition of production of inflammatory mediators.	Tannins, and phenols	Ndebia et al. (2007); Vaclavıkova et al. (2008)
Anti-Ulcer Activity	Enhancement of gastric mucosal defense.	Flavonoids, sterols and triterpenes	Antonio et al. (2004); Nguelefack et al. (2008); Telesphore et al. (2008)
Anti-Microbial Activity	Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis. Inhibition of cytoplasmic membrane function Inhibition of energy metabolism	Flavonoids	Chah et al. (2000); Travis et al. (2002); Xie et al. (2015); Cushnie and Lamb (2005); Xiao et al. (2013); Ulanowska et al. (2006).

Figure 2. Chemical structure of phenol derivative. The figure was obtained from (Asim et al. 2018) with permission from Bentham Science Publishers.

Figure 3. chemical structure of the simplified Vitamin E derivatives from S. torvum. The figure was obtained from (Anna et al. 2016) with permission from springer nature.

Figure 4. Chemical structure of flavonoid derivative. The figure was obtained from (Anna et al. 2012) with permission from springer nature.

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