Impact of using low-cost packaging material of commercial herbal oil on its antibacterial compounds

Figures & data

Figure 1. Different materials of the bottle for herbal oil packaging. PET-new: a PET plastic bottle. PET-open: a bottle material is the same as PET-new, but it has been opened for daily use for one month. During daily use, the bottle cap is fully opened. AL-new: an aluminum bottle has a sprayer cap type in which only its 2nd-cap is opened when daily use. The brand, volume, production code, production permit, and expired date in all different specimens are the same.

Table 1. The herbal oil compositions in all specimens.

Herbal plants	Amounts (unit)
Zingiber officinale rhizome	3.18 g
Curcuma domestica rhizome	1.36 g
Piper betle folium	0.45 g
Myristica fragrans semen	0.90 g
Nigella sativa semen	0.90 g
Illicium verum flos	0.45 g
Citronella oleum	5.45 ml
Caryophylli oleum	5.45 ml
Aquilaria oleum	5.45 ml
Olea europaea oleum	16.36 ml
Cajuputi oleum	3.27 ml
Cocos nucifera oleum	64.03 ml

Table 2. Storage times of the herbal oils.

Specimens	Production date	Purchase date	First-dates of analysis	Storage time (months)			Storage conditions
AL-new	June 18, 2019	June 23, 2019	June 23, 2019	0	6	12	The bottles store in the same condition i.e. room temperature and re-closed caps after analysis.
PET-new	June 18, 2019	June 23, 2019	June 23, 2019	0	6	12
PET-open	June 18, 2019	June 23, 2019	July 23, 2019	Specimen analysis is done at one time, specifically, the specimen is analyzed when the specimen has been opened for daily use.

Figure 2. Toxicity of all different specimens on Artemia salina larvae. The values are presented as a mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). The same letter (a) indicates not significantly different at the Tukey test (p < 0.05).

Table 3. Inhibition zone on E. coli and S. aureus by the herbal oils.

	Inhibition zones (mm)
Specimens	E. coli	S. aureus
PET-open	1.47 ± 0.41 a	0.65 ± 0.52 b
PET-new	1.09 ± 0.22 a	1.58 ± 0.50 b
AL-new	0.63 ± 0.55 a	0.59 ± 0.30 b

Notes: Each value is represented as a mean ± standard deviation of three replications.

The values are followed by the different letters in each column shows significantly different at the Tukey test (p < 0.05).

Table 4. Detection of main antibacterial compounds in the herbal oils during storage times.

				0-months		6-months		12-months
	Molecular weight (g/mol)	Retention time (min)	mzCloud Best Sim. Match (%)	AL-new	PET-new	AL-new	PET-new	AL-new	PET-new	PET-open	References for antibacterial activity
(R)-3-hydroxy myristic acid	226.19	21.39	97.80	D	D	D	D	D	D	D	Huang et al. (2010), Liu and Huang (2012)
Curcumene	202.17	20.76	97.20	D	D	D	D	ND	D	ND	da Silva et al. (2015), Rialita et al. (2018)
Farnesol	222.20	20.63	83.70	D	D	D	D	ND	D	ND	Chávez-Andrade et al. (2017), Delmondes et al. (2019), Constantino et al. (2016), Gomes et al. (2011), Kossakowska-Zwierucho et al. (2020)
Eucalyptol	136.05	13.30	98.10	D	D	D	D	D	D	D	Chen et al. (2020), Mulyaningsih et al. (2011)
Eugenol	164.08	11.93	80.60	D	D	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	Ribes et al. (2019), Qian et al. (2020), Miladi et al. (2020)
p-cymene	134.11	11.85	93.30	D	D	ND	D	ND	D	ND	Rattanachaikunsopon and Phumkhachorn (2010), Mahboubi et al. (2017), Cutillas et al. (2018), Delgado et al. (2004), Miladi et al. (2020)

Notes: D = detected, ND = not detected.

Figure 3. The number of main antibacterial compounds are detected in the herbal oils during storage times.

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