Ethanol extract of Cassia sieberiana leaves ameliorates deviances associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats

Figures & data

Table 1. Quantitative phytochemical compositions of ethanol extract of Cassia sieberiana leaves.

Phytochemical constituents	Leaves extracts (mg/g)
Saponins	60.00 ± 8.66
Terpenoids	36.67 ± 5.77
Flavonoids	33.33 ± 5.77
Alkaloids	22.67 ± 2.31
Glycosides	8.60 ± 0.53
Phenolics	8.16 ± 0.05
Steroids	2.00 ± 0.01
Tannins	0.14 ± 0.00

Note: Values are mean ± SD, (n = 3).

Table 2. Effect of EECSL on body weight gain of the rats.

Group	Initial-Weight (g)	Final-Weight (g)	Weight-Gain (g)
Normal control	143.41 ± 9.66^ab	197.05 ± 12.04^ab	52.44 ± 4.10^a
Untreated control	125.10 ± 10.91^a	177.34 ± 16.87^a	50.52 ± 7.58^a
Standard control	121.67 ± 7.77^a	177.24 ± 16.81^a	55.57 ± 9.70^a
Low dose	126.11 ± 4.01^a	177.31 ± 5.79^a	51.59 ± 2.52^a
Mid dose	138.06 ± 29.11^ab	190.57 ± 29.79^ab	52.52 ± 0.94^a
High dose	156.61 ± 16.43^b	211.03 ± 20.95^b	54.42 ± 14.23^a

Notes: Values are expressed as mean ± SD, (n = 5). Values in the same column having different superscripts differ significantly (p < .05). Normal control: Not induced, not treated; Untreated control: testosterone induced BPH left untreated; Standard control: testosterone induced BPH (TIB), treated with finasteride (1 mg/kg, b.w); Low dose: TIB treated with extract (100 mg/kg, b.w); Mid dose: TIB treated with extract (300 mg/kg, b.w); High dose: TIB treated with extract (500 mg/kg, b.w).

Table 3. Effect of EECSL on the weight of prostate, bladder, testes, and prostate index.

Group	Prostate (g)	Bladder (g)	Testes (g)	Prostate index (mg/g)
Normal control	0.20 ± 0.06^a	0.05 ± 0.01^a	2.67 ± 0.15^b	1.07 ± 0.34^a
Untreated control	0.30 ± 0.04^b	0.08 ± 0.01^b	2.24 ± 0.44^a	1.64 ± 0.18^b
Standard control	0.24 ± 0.04^ab	0.07 ± 0.01^b	1.89 ± 0.44^a	1.36 ± 0.22^ab
Low dose	0.23 ± 0.09^ab	0.07 ± 0.00^b	2.11 ± 0.31^a	1.27 ± 0.44^ab
Mid dose	0.23 ± 0.04^ab	0.07 ± 0.01^b	2.01 ± 0.15^a	1.20 ± 0.14^a
High dose	0.21 ± 0.02^a	0.07 ± 0.01^b	2.00 ± 0.20^a	1.01 ± 0.09^a

Notes: Values are expressed as mean ± SD, (n = 5). Values in the same column having different superscripts differ significantly (p < .05). Normal control: Not induced, not treated; Untreated control: testosterone induced BPH left untreated; Standard control: testosterone induced BPH (TIB), treated with finasteride (1 mg/kg, b.w); Low dose: TIB treated with extract (100 mg/kg, b.w); Mid dose: TIB treated with extract (300 mg/kg, b.w); High dose: TIB treated with extract (500 mg/kg, b.w)

Table 4. Effect of EECSL on serum PSA of testosterone-induced BPH.

Group	PSA (Before-treatment) (ng/ml)	PSA (After-treatment) (ng/ml)
Normal control	2.86 ± 0.15^a	2.98 ± 0.09^a
Untreated control	8.49 ± 0.35^b	8.12 ± 0.21^e
Standard control	8.21 ± 0.52^b*	3.22 ± 0.27^ab*
Low dose	8.15 ± 0.36^b*	4.59 ± 0.21^d*
Mid dose	7.95 ± 0.36^b*	3.86 ± 0.06^c*
High dose	8.15 ± 0.26^b*	3.48 ± 0.15^b*

Notes: Values are expressed as mean ± SD, (n = 5). Values in the same column having different superscripts differ significantly (p < 0.05); values in the same row having asterisk (*) as superscripts differ significantly (p < .05). PSA = prostatic specific antigen.

Table 5. Effect of EECSL on serum testosterone and DHT levels of testosterone-induced BPH.

Group	Testosterone (ng/ml)	DHT (ng/ml)
Normal control	8.58 ± 0.95^a	2.44 ± 0.04^c
Untreated control	21.61 ± 2.52^c	2.82 ± 0.06^d
Standard control	10.95 ± 1.23^a	2.27 ± 0.05^abc
Low dose	20.54 ± 0.58^c	2.15 ± 0.19^a
Mid dose	19.92 ± 0.51^c	2.39 ± 0.16^bc
High dose	16.22 ± 1.38^b	2.23 ± 0.08^ab

Notes: Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 4). Values in the same column having different superscripts differ significantly (p < .05). DHT = Dihydrotestosterone.

Table 6. Effect of EECSL on lipid profile of testosterone-induced BPH.

Group	TAG (mmol/L)	TC (mmol/L)	HDL (mmol/L)	LDL (mmol/L)
Normal control	1.34 ± 0.05^a	4.90 ± 0.44^ab	2.01 ± 0.11^b	2.72 ± 0.06^b
Untreated control	1.67 ± 0.11^b	5.30 ± 0.36^b	1.46 ± 0.03^a	3.50 ± 0.34^c
Standard control	1.48 ± 0.18^ab	4.40 ± 0.85^a	1.90 ± 0.16^b	2.43 ± 0.49^b
Low dose	1.67 ± 0.08^b	4.60 ± 0.40^ab	1.53 ± 0.17^a	2.80 ± 0.25^b
Mid dose	1.45 ± 0.10^a	4.07 ± 0.25^a	1.91 ± 0.34^b	1.73 ± 0.36^a
High dose	1.33 ± 0.10^a	4.03 ± 0.12^a	1.92 ± 0.17^b	1.85 ± 0.08^a

Notes: Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 4). Values in the same column having different superscripts differ significantly (p < .05). TAG = triacylglycerol; TC = total cholesterol; LDL = low density lipoprotein; HDL = high density lipoprotein.

Table 7. Effect of EECSL on oxidative stress markers in testosterone-induced BPH rats.

Group	GSH (mg/dl)	SOD (U/mg)	CAT (U/mg)	MDA (mg/ml)
Normal control	2.18 ± 0.08^ab	11.50 ± 0.07^b	8.92 ± 0.01^c	1.16 ± 0.22^a
Untreated control	1.83 ± 0.11^a	10.58 ± 0.24^a	5.37 ± 1.08^a	1.55 ± 0.09^b
Standard control	2.32 ± 0.08^b	11.47 ± 0.61^b	7.74 ± 0.53^bc	1.58 ± 0.02^b
Low dose	2.14 ± 0.25^ab	11.40 ± 0.01^b	6.62 ± 0.42^ab	1.61 ± 0.27^b
Mid dose	2.19 ± 0.30^ab	11.44 ± 0.04^b	7.88 ± 1.54^bc	1.27 ± 0.06^a
High dose	2.25 ± 0.36^ab	11.54 ± 0.05^b	7.75 ± 0.61^bc	1.21 ± 0.09^a

Notes: Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 4). Values in the same column having different superscripts differ significantly (p < .05). GSH = glutathione reductase; SOD = superoxide dismutase; CAT = catalase; MDA = malondialdehyde. Normal control: not induced, not treated; Untreated control: testosterone induced BPH left untreated; Standard control: testosterone induced BPH (TIB), treated with finasteride (1 mg/kg, b.w); Low dose: TIB treated with extract (100 mg/kg, b.w); Mid dose: TIB treated with extract (300 mg/kg, b.w); High dose: TIB treated with extract (500 mg/kg, b.w)

Table 8. Effect of EECSL on liver marker enzymes.

Group	AST (U/L)	ALT (U/L)	ALP (U/L)
Normal control	27.00 ± 1.00^a	19.00 ± 2.65^a	17.33 ± 1.15^bc
Untreated control	38.67 ± 4.93^c	21.33 ± 0.58a^b	19.00 ± 2.00^c
Standard control	28.67 ± 5.77^ab	23.67 ± 1.15^b	14.00 ± 1.00^a
Low dose	36.33 ± 3.79b^c	23.33 ± 1.53^b	17.67 ± 2.31^bc
Mid dose	34.00 ± 5.00a^bc	22.33 ± 1.55^b	15.33 ± 1.53^ab
High dose	34.00 ± 4.36^abc	21.00 ± 0.00^ab	13.67 ± 1.53^a

Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 4). Values in the same column having different superscripts differ significantly (p < 0.05). AST = aspartate aminotransferase; ALT = alanine transaminase; ALP = alkaline phosphatase. Normal control: not induced, not treated; Untreated control: testosterone induced BPH left untreated; Standard control: testosterone induced BPH (TIB), treated with finasteride (1 mg/kg, b.w); Low dose: TIB treated with extract (100 mg/kg, b.w); Mid dose: TIB treated with extract (300 mg/kg, b.w); High dose: TIB treated with extract (500 mg/kg, b.w)

Figure 1. Normal control: Photomicrograph of prostate tissue showing normal infoldings (convolutions), corpora amylacea (CA) (red arrow), Luminal secretions (LS) (blue arrow) are adequate and intact seminal vesicles (black arrow). H&E. mag. 400×.

Figure 2. Untreated control: Photomicrograph of prostrate tissue showing slight disruption of architectural appearances (blue arrow) and multiple blood congestions (black star) within the fibromuscular stroma. Enlarged acini (black arrow) also observed. H&E. mag. 400×.

Figure 3. Standard control: Photomicrograph of prostate tissue showed back-to-back micro acini with improved intra acina papillary infoldings/or convolutions (black arrow) of the seminal vesicles duct with fibrous capsules (star). Reduced secretions and focal blood congestions were observed within the fibromuscular stroma of the prostate. H&E. mag. 100×.

Figure 4. Low dose: Photomicrograph of prostate tissue showed ectasia or dilation of the prostate characterized by acini distended with secretory materials (SM) (star), compression(black arrow) of surrounding unaffected acini with dilation appearing cystic, with fused cuboidal epithelium (blue arrow) lining were present. Infoldings or occasional papillary infoldings was observed. H&E. mag. 400×.

Figure 5. Mid dose: Photomicrograph of dorsal prostate tissue showed extensively enlarged acini with reduced secretory (star) materials in the lumen. The hyperplastic condition (black arrow) was also observed. H&E. mag. 400×.

Figure 6. High dose: Photomicrograph of prostate tissue showed glandular hyperplasia predominated and characterized by exaggerated intra-acinar papillary infoldings (convolutions) (black arrow) with fibrovascular cores. Infiltrates mainly lymphocytic cells were observed in the acinar without any admixed tumor cells. Secretions (star) in the acini were observed. H&E. mag. 400×.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available in OSFHOME check finder tool at https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https%3A%2F%2Fosf.io%2F3grd9%2Fdownload