Essential oils of Heliotropium bacciferum, Ocimum dhofarense and Zataria multiflora exhibit aflatoxin B1 detoxification potential

Figures & data

Figure 1. Inhibition of Aspergillus flavus by essential oils of H. bacciferum, O. dhofarense and Z. multiflora. H-EO, H. bacciferum essential oil; O-EO, O. dhofarense essential oil; Z-EO, Z. multiflora essential oil.

Figure 2. GC-MS chromatogram of essential oils of H. bacciferum (A), O. dhofarense (B) and Z. multiflora (C).

Table 1. Detoxification of AFB1 by essential oils of medicinal herbs.

Plant species	AFB1 recovered (ppb)	% Detoxification
H. bacciferum	8.7 ± 0.8^b	82.6^b
O. dhofarense	4.0 ± 0.5^c	92.0^a
Z. multiflora	16.1 ± 1.5^a	67.9^c

Note: AFB1 (50 μg/l) was mixed with 250 μl of essential oil (1:10, v/v diluted in methanol) and incubated for 24 h at 25°C. After incubation, AFB1 in the mixture was extracted with equal volume of chloroform and analyzed by ELISA.

Data are mean ± standard deviation. Means in the same column with the same letters are not significantly different from each other at P < 0.05 (Tukey’s Studentized range test, SAS, University Edition).

Table 2. Chemical composition of the essential oil of H. bacciferum.

S.No.	Name	R.Time (min)	%	KI
1	Nopinene	7.019	1.817	911
2	Cyclene	7.084	0.153	914
3	alpha-Thujene	7.184	6.677	917
4	alpha-Pinene	7.404	32.883	926
5	Camphene	7.808	1.813	941
6	2,4(10)-Thujadiene	7.91	1.304	944
7	Benzene, tert-butyl-	8.374	0.206	961
8	Sabinene	8.424	1.019	963
9	beta-Pinene	8.553	3.371	968
10	beta-Myrcene	8.875	9.403	980
11	7-Vinylbicyclo[4.2.0]oct-1-ene	9.294	0.24	995
12	Anisole, o-methyl-	9.35	0.699	997
13	3-Carene	9.404	1.244	999
14	p-Cymene	9.828	3.104	1015
15	trans-2-Caren-4-ol	9.887	0.291	1017
16	D-Limonene	9.966	4.07	1020
17	Eucalyptol/Cineole	10.041	0.628	1022
18	trans-beta-Ocimene	10.142	0.365	1026
19	beta-Ocimene	10.433	0.114	1037
20	trans-2-Caren-4-ol	10.506	0.114	1039
21	gamma-Terpinene	10.763	0.204	1048
22	cis-Verbenol	11.508	0.744	1075
23	Camphenol	11.604	0.658	1079
24	Linalool	11.874	0.865	1089
25	Thujone	12.379	0.808	1107
26	alpha-Campholenal	12.615	2.223	1116
27	Pinocarveol	13.016	6.259	1132
28	trans-Verbenol	13.143	7.29	1135
29	p-Mentha-1,5-dien-8-ol	13.267	0.642	1140
30	trans-3-Pinanone	13.533	0.722	1150
31	Pinocarvone	13.581	0.88	1152
32	alpha-Phellandren-8-ol	13.818	1.817	1160
33	3-Pinanone, cis	13.95	0.109	1165
34	Terpinen-4-ol	14.076	0.384	1170
35	p-Cymen-8-ol	14.217	0.394	1175
36	Myrtenal	14.46	1.623	1184
37	Levoverbenone	14.763	1.256	1195
38	cis-Carveol	15.069	0.572	1207
39	Unidentified	15.595	0.168	1227
40	Unidentified	15.705	0.241	1232
41	3,5-Dimethoxytoluene	16.245	0.415	1253
42	Bornyl acetate	16.749	0.682	1272
43	Copaene	19.028	0.201	1364
44	m-Camphorene	30.685	0.435	1922
45	Neocembrene	30.864	0.399	1932
46	p-Camphorene	31.312	0.13	1957

Table 3. Chemical composition of the essential oil of O. dhofarense.

No.	Name	R.Time (min)	%	KI
1	alpha-Thujene	7.177	1.436	917
2	alpha-Pinene	7.37	1.813	924
3	Sabinene	8.42	1.284	963
4	beta-Pinene	8.55	0.412	968
5	p-Cymene	9.821	0.521	1014
6	beta-cis-Ocimene	10.137	1.404	1026
7	gamma-Terpinene	10.756	0.683	1048
8	Unidentified	17.958	0.624	1320
9	Copaene	19.024	1.626	1365
10	beta-Elemene	19.333	6.062	1377
11	Unidentified	19.781	0.606	1395
12	Caryophyllene	20.063	1.91	1407
13	gamma-Elemene	20.262	3.115	1416
14	Humulene	20.882	0.764	1443
15	Alloaromadendrene	20.994	1.07	1448
16	Germacrene D	21.46	41.004	1468
17	11,11-Dimethyl-spiro[2,9]dodeca-3,7-diene	21.643	0.452	1467
18	Bicyclogermacrene	21.787	16.362	1482
19	delta-Cadinene	22.271	1.679	1503
20	Germacrene B	23.176	13.665	1545
21	Hexanoic acid, octyl ester	23.587	3.012	1563

Table 4. Chemical composition of the essential oil of Z. multiflora.

S.No.	Name	R.Time (min)	%	KI
1	Methyl isovalerate	3.808	0.02	763
2	Unidentified	4.244	0.007	729
3	Butanoic acid, 3-methyl-, ethyl ester	5.381	0.037	842
4	Cyclene	7.092	0.462	914
5	alpha-Thujene	7.192	0.388	918
6	alpha-Pinene	7.395	4.389	925
7	Camphene	7.841	6.882	942
8	Sabinene	8.433	0.168	964
9	beta-Pinene	8.563	1.793	968
10	3-Octanone	8.746	0.675	975
11	beta-Myrcene	8.879	0.477	980
12	Unidentified	9.304	0.125	996
13	Unidentified	9.479	0.127	1002
14	2-Carene	9.633	0.271	1008
15	p-Cymene	9.835	1.016	1015
16	D-Limonene	9.974	1.525	1020
17	Eucalyptol	10.046	0.826	1023
18	trans-beta-Ocimene	10.149	0.15	1026
19	beta-Ocimene	10.44	0.156	1037
20	gamma-Terpinene	10.77	0.664	1049
21	cis-4-Thujanol	11.098	0.963	1061
22	7-Vinylbicyclo[4.2.0]oct-1-ene	11.526	0.772	1076
23	Linalool	12.044	27.518	1095
24	3-Octanol, acetate	12.439	0.259	1083
25	1,2-Dimethyl-3-vinyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene	12.5	0.588	1111
26	p-Mentha-2,8-dienol	12.6	0.061	1115
27	alpha-Campholenal	12.648	0.165	1117
28	2,6-Dimethyl-1,3,5,7-octatetraene, E,E-	12.73	1.215	1120
29	Limonene oxide, trans-	12.819	0.076	1123
30	Pinocarveol	13.044	0.332	1132
31	Camphor	13.189	0.739	1137
32	endo-Borneol	13.9	6.307	1163
33	4-terpineol	14.035	0.116	1168
34	Terpinen-4-ol	14.097	1.406	1170
35	p-Cymen-8-ol	14.242	0.072	1176
36	alpha-Terpineol	14.471	1.481	1184
37	p-Menth-8-en-2-one	14.533	0.573	1187
38	Cosmen-2-ol	14.617	1.963	1190
39	3E,5E)-2,6-Dimethyl-3,5,7-octatrien-2-ol	14.819	3.673	1197
40	Linalyl acetate	15.863	3.09	1238
41	Bornyl acetate	16.834	15.437	1276
42	Unidentified	17.083	0.042	1285
43	beta-Elemene	19.345	0.494	1377
44	beta-Guaiene	19.789	0.196	1395
45	Caryophyllene	20.078	1.262	1408
46	gamma-Elemene	20.272	0.19	1416
47	Humulene	20.893	0.17	1443
48	Alloaromadendrene	21.002	0.187	1448
49	Germacrene D	21.473	1.906	1468
50	beta-Eudesmene	21.652	0.098	1476
51	Germacrene B	21.8	1.828	1483
52	Unidentified	22.059	0.052	1494
53	gamma-Muurolene	22.18	0.07	1499
54	Cadina-1(10),4-diene	22.284	0.595	1504
55	6-epi-shyobunol	22.414	0.114	1510
56	Germacrene B	23.185	0.709	1545
57	Ledol	23.432	0.071	1556
58	Germacrene D-4-ol	23.551	1.256	1562
59	Caryophyllene oxide	23.679	1.267	1568
60	epi-Globulol	23.939	0.056	1579
61	Globulol	24.158	0.257	1589
62	Humulene epoxide II	24.255	0.059	1594
63	tau-Cadinol	24.939	0.18	1627
64	tau-Muurolol	25.176	0.376	1638
65	Shyobunol	25.99	1.508	1677
66	m-Camphorene	30.685	0.054	1922
67	Neocembrene	30.867	0.042	1932

Data availability statement

The data supporting the findings of this study are available in Mendeley Data, DOI: 10.17632/86g3w9vhbn.2 (https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/86g3w9vhbn/2)