Essential oil profiles of seeds, peels, and leaves obtained from Limnocitrus littoralis (Miq.) swingle species, in the Southcentral coast of Vietnam

Figures & data

Figure 1. L. littoralis trees of three varieties: A. Quang Ngai, B. Phu Yen, and C. Ninh Thuan.

Figure 2. Fruits and fruit cross-sections including seeds of three L. littoralis varieties: A. Quang Ngai, B. Phu Yen, and C. Ninh Thuan.

Table 1. Contents of essential oils of seeds, peels, and leaves of L. littoralis varieties from the Vietnamese Southcentral coast.

		Material/water	Content of essential oils
Part of plant	Location	(g/ml)	(%, w/w)
Seeds	Quang Ngai	100/900	1.4 ± 0.01
	Phu Yen	100/500	0.7 ± 0.04
	Ninh Thuan	100/800	0.5 ± 0.03
Peels	Quang Ngai	100/900	0.1 ± 0.01
	Phu Yen	100/500	0.1 ± 0.01
	Ninh Thuan	100/800	0.2 ± 0.01
Leaves	Quang Ngai	100/900	0.8 ± 0.01
	Phu Yen	100/500	0.8 ± 0.04
	Ninh Thuan	100/800	0.8 ± 0.02

Table 2. Organoleptic and physical properties of essential oils of seeds, peels, and leaves of L. littoralis varieties from Vietnamese Southcentral coast.

	Organoleptic properties, 25 °C			Physical properties, 25 °C
Essential oils	Appearance	Colour	Odour	Specific gravity (g/cm^3)	Refractive index ${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{D}}^{25}$	Optical rotation ${\mathit{\alpha }}_{\mathit{D}}^{25}$
Seeds
Quang Ngai	Transparent liquid	Clear	Pleasant, fresh	0.849 ± 0.0014	1.4685 ± 0.00055	+ 9.213 ± 0.1778
Phu Yen			Pleasant, slight sweet, citrusy, fresh	0.844 ± 0.0005	1.4433 ± 0.00055	+ 91.450 ± 0.1277
Ninh Thuan			Pleasant, warm, green	0.846 ± 0.0004	1.4464 ± 0.00031	- 1.176 ± 0.0981
Peels
Quang Ngai	Transparent liquid	Pale yellow	Pleasant, sweet, fresh	0.848 ± 0.0002	1.4814 ± 0.00062	+ 42.998 ± 0.3238
Phu Yen			Pleasant, slight sweet, fresh	0.848 ± 0.0007	1.4683 ± 0.00038	+ 87.485 ± 0.4262
Ninh Thuan			Pleasant, warm, green	0.853 ± 0.0006	1.4532 ± 0.00046	- 11.973 ± 0.0820
Leaves
Quang Ngai	Transparent liquid	Golden yellow	Strong, spicy	0.845 ± 0.0008	1.4782 ± 0.00097	- 1.485 ± 0.0025
Phu Yen				0.844 ± 0.0007	1.4570 ± 0.00021	−29.166 ± 0.0943
Ninh Thuan				0.856 ± 0.0013	1.4831 ± 0.00035	−2.235 ± 0.0137

Table 3. Chemical properties of essential oils of seeds, peels, and leaves of L. littoralis varieties from Vietnamese Southcentral coast.

	Acid value	Saponification value
Essential oils	(mg KOH/g)	(mg KOH/g)
Seeds
Quang Ngai	3.32 ± 0.187	9.37 ± 0.1795
Phu Yen	0.23 ± 0.025	6.59 ± 0.117
Ninh Thuan	0.42 ± 0.030	5.41 ± 0.021
Peels
Quang Ngai	5.06 ± 0.117	10.57 ± 0.194
Phu Yen	2.11 ± 0.080	4.89 ± 0.119
Ninh Thuan	7.22 ± 0.031	12.90 ± 0.031
Leaves
Quang Ngai	1.21 ± 0.151	7.10 ± 0.074
Phu Yen	0.61 ± 0.040	7.13 ± 0.097
Ninh Thuan	9.15 ± 0.074	20.19 ± 0.025

Table 4. Chemical composition of essential oils from the seeds, peels, and leaves of three L. littoralis varieties on Vietnamese Southcentral coast.

				%GC
		LRI		Seed essential oils			Peel essential oils			Leaf essential oils
		Ref.											Method of
No	Compound name	(Adams 2007)	Obs.	S-QN	S-PY	S-NT	P-QN	P-PY	P-NT	L-QN	L-PY	L-NT	identification
1	(E)−2-Hexenal	846	846							0.1			LRI, MS
2	(2E,4E)-Hexadienol	912	912	0.1				0.1					LRI, MS
3	α-Thujene	924	924	0.5		0.2						0.1	LRI, MS
4	α-Pinene	932	931	2.4	0.2	1.5	0.6	0.3	11.3	0.1	0.5	1.8	LRI, MS
5	Camphene	946	947			0.1			0.8			0.2	LRI, MS
6	cis-Sabinene	969	970	0.4							0.1		LRI, MS
7	β-Pinene	974	976	3.7	0.9	24.0	3.9	0.1	62.6	0.2	0.2	36.4	LRI, MS
8	β-Myrcene	988	987	11.1	1.4	59.2	9.6	0.4		38.5	1.1	28.9	LRI, MS
9	α-Phellandrene	1002	1006			0.1							LRI, MS
10	α-Terpiene	1014	1016								Trace	0.1	LRI, MS
11	p-Cymene	1020	1023	57.7	1.3		0.9		3.8			0.1	LRI, MS
12	Limonene	1024	1027	18.5	94.5	8.5	54.0	94.0	3.5	17.5	0.1	0.1	LRI, MS
13	β-Phellandrene	1025	1033								93.2	2.5	LRI, MS
14	(Z)-β-Ocimene	1032	1033				0.3			0.2	2.0	0.9	LRI, MS
15	(E)-β-Ocimene	1044	1046				1.2				0.1	0.3	LRI, MS
16	γ-Terpinene	1054	1055	0.2	0.2	2.8					Trace	0.2	LRI, MS
17	exo-5-Norbornene-2-methanol	1058	1058	0.1									LRI, MS
18	cis-Linalool oxide (furanoid)	1067	1069	0.1			0.2	0.1	0.3	Trace		Trace	LRI, MS
19	trans-Linalool oxide (furanoid)	1084	1084	0.2	Trace	0.2	2.1				0.09	0.1	LRI, MS
20	Terpinolene	1086	1085	0.5		0.3							LRI, MS
21	Linalool	1095	1099				0.2	0.1	0.1	1.2		0.9	LRI, MS
22	(2E,4E)-Octadienol	1113	1114				1.7						LRI, MS
23	Linalyl butyrate		1117				0.2						MS
24	1-Terpineol	1130	1130	0.1	0.1			0.1	0.1				LRI, MS
25	Methyl 4-methylvalerate		1133							0.3			MS
26	trans-Pinocarveol	1137	1135	0.2	0.2			0.1	4.5				LRI, MS
27	Camphor	1141	1142							0.5		0.1	LRI, MS
28	Citronellal	1148	1148							0.1		0.1	LRI, MS
29	(3Z)-Nonen-1-ol	1152	1153	0.1									LRI, MS
30	cis-Linalool oxide (pyranoid)	1170	1173					0.2	0.4				LRI, MS
31	Terpinen-4-ol	1174	1179	0.6	0.1	0.1		0.2	0.5	0.1		0.3	LRI, MS
32	α-Terpineol	1186	1194							0.1		0.3	LRI, MS
33	Dihydrocarveol	1192	1194	0.3	0.1		0.1						LRI, MS
34	γ-Terpineol	1199	1199	0.3									LRI, MS
35	iso-Dihydrocarveol	1212	1210				0.3						LRI, MS
36	trans-Carveol	1215	1214	0.1				0.6	1.6				LRI, MS
37	cis-Carveol	1226	1225	0.4	0.1								LRI, MS
38	Tetrahydrocitronellyl acetate	1231	1229				0.1						LRI, MS
39	Pulegone	1233	1236					0.3	0.4				LRI, MS
40	Carvone	1239	1242	0.2				0.8	0.5				LRI, MS
41	cis-Carvone oxide	1259	1260	0.2									LRI, MS
42	Geranial	1264	1269	0.1				0.1	0.2	Trace		Trace	LRI, MS
43	Citronellyl formate	1271	1274	0.1									LRI, MS
44	Geranyl formate	1298	1297	Trace									LRI, MS
45	Methyl geranate	1322	1321	0.4	0.2								LRI, MS
46	δ-Elemene	1335	1337		0.1					3.6			LRI, MS
47	α-Cubebene	1345	1344					0.4		Trace			LRI, MS
48	α-Terpinyl acetate	1346	1346				0.1						LRI, MS
49	α-Longipinene	1350	1351		0.1					Trace		Trace	LRI, MS
50	Hydroxycitronellol	1359	1359				0.1						LRI, MS
51	Cyclosativene	1369	1368							0.1			LRI, MS
52	α-Copaene	1374	1374							0.2			LRI, MS
53	β-Cubebene	1387	1386				0.9			0.2			LRI, MS
54	iso-Longifolene	1389	1390							0.9	Trace	0.6	LRI, MS
55	Cyprene	1398	1397							Trace			LRI, MS
56	β-Longipinene	1400	1401	0.2			0.1						LRI, MS
57	Longifolene	1407	1406	0.2									LRI, MS
58	α-Cedrene	1410	1411							Trace			LRI, MS
59	α-Santalene	1416	1415			0.74		0.1		Trace	0.4	2.0	LRI, MS
60	(E)-Caryophyllene	1417	1416				0.1			4.8		2.0	LRI, MS
61	β-Duprezianene	1424	1425							1.0		0.1	LRI, MS
62	α-trans-Bergamortene	1432	1429				4.0	0.2		0.5		0.3	LRI, MS
63	β-Humulene	1439	1438				0.8			0.6	0.2	0.6	LRI, MS
64	epi-Cedrane	1447	1449	0.1	0.2	0.22	0.6			0.5		0.2	LRI, MS
65	α-Humulene	1452	1453			0.19	0.9			2.7	0.1	0.6	LRI, MS
66	(E)-β-Farnesene	1454	1455				0.1						LRI, MS
67	β-Santalene	1457	1456				0.2						LRI, MS
68	allo-Aromadendrene	1458	1459							1.1	0.2	1.9	LRI, MS
69	9-epi-(E)-Caryophyllene	1464	1462				1.6						LRI, MS
70	β-Acoradinene	1469	1468							0.1		0.1	LRI, MS
71	β-Chamigrene	1476	1477							0.4			LRI, MS
72	9-epi-(Z)-Caryophyllene		1479				0.2						MS
73	Germacrene D	1484	1485				0.5	0.2	0.2	8.0	0.1	1.0	LRI, MS
74	β-Selinene	1489	1488							4.2	0.1		LRI, MS
75	α-Salinene	1498	1497				1.0						LRI, MS
76	α-Muurolene	1500	1500				0.9						LRI, MS
77	β-Bisabolene	1505	1504	0.4	0.3	0.7	1.0				Trace	0.1	LRI, MS
78	(Z)-α-Bisabolene	1506	1507								Trace	Trace	LRI, MS
79	δ-Amorphene	1511	1511								0.1	0.2	LRI, MS
80	BHT	1514	1516				0.6			0.2			LRI, MS
81	7-epi-α-Selinene	1520	1519				1.3			4.4			LRI, MS
82	(E)-iso-γ-Bisabolene	1528	1528				1.0			0.6			LRI, MS
83	α-Cadinene	1537	1536							0.6			LRI, MS
84	δ-Cuprenene	1542	1543				0.1			0.1			LRI, MS
85	Selina-3,7(11)-diene	1545	1547							Trace			LRI, MS
86	β-Vetivenene	1554	1555							0.1			LRI, MS
87	Germacrene B	1559	1559							Trace			LRI, MS
88	α-Cedrene epoxide	1574	1577					0.9	0.7				LRI, MS
89	Spathulenol	1577	1578							0.4			LRI, MS
90	Ledol	1602	1602							Trace			LRI, MS
91	γ-Eudesmol	1630	1632							0.2			LRI, MS
92	epi-α-Muurolol	1640	1641							0.5			LRI, MS
93	Selin-11-en-4α-ol	1658	1658							0.4	0.7	15.7	LRI, MS
94	7-epi-α-Eudesmol	1662	1663							2.4	Trace	0.1	LRI, MS
95	α-Bisabolone oxide A	1684	1686							0.1			LRI, MS
96	(Z)-α-trans-Bergamotol	1690	1691							0.1			LRI, MS
97	(2E,6E)-Farnesol	1742	1740							0.1			LRI, MS
98	Phytol	1942	1946	0.3									LRI, MS
99	Geranyllinalool	1960	1959							0.1		0.2	LRI, MS
100	iso-Bergapten	2033	2034							0.7			LRI, MS
	Total of identified compounds			99.6	100.0	98.7	91.2	99.2	91.5	98.3	99.4	99.2
	Hydrocarbons			95.8	99.2	98.4	85.5	95.6	82.1	91.1	98.6	81.4
	- Monoterpene			94.9	98.5	96.6	70.4	94.7	81.9	56.5	97.4	71.4
	- Sesquiterpene			0.9	0.7	1.8	15.8	0.5	0.2	34.6	1.2	10.0
	Oxygenated compounds			3.8	0.8	0.3	5.7	3.6	9.4	7.3	0.8	17.8
	- Monoterpenoids			2.7	0.6	0.3	2.9	2.7	8.7	1.9	0.1	1.7
	- Esters of monoterpenoids			0.5	0.2		0.4			0.1		0.2
	- Sesquiterpenoids							0.9	0.7	4.1	0.7	15.8
	- Diterpenoids			0.3
	- Furanocoumarin									0.7
	- Aliphatic alcohols/aldehydes			0.2			1.7			0.1
	- BHT						0.6			0.2
	- Others			0.1

S: Seed essential oils; Peel essential oils; L: Leaf essential oils; QN: Quang Ngai; PY: Phu Yen; NT: Ninh Thuan

Trace < 0.05%. Percentage by FID peak area normalization with the use of the response factor only for main components (≥ 10%). LRI (linear retention index) on ZB-5 [Ref.: reference Adams (2007)], Obs.: observed].

Figure 3. Mass spectra of main components from the analysis of essential oils from three L. littoralis varieties compared to the standard compound. A: α-pinene; B: β-pinene; C: β-myrcene; D: o-cymene; E: limonene; F: selin-7(11)-en-4α-ol.

Adams RP. 2007. Identification of Essential oil components by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, 4th edn. Carol Stream, IL: Allured Publ. Corp.

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Data availability

The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available in the Mendeley repository, Mendeley Data at https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/pv2f97jyv5/2.