The central symptoms of depression, anxiety, and somatization: a network analysis

Figures & data

Table 1. The content and mean score of each item of PHQ-9, GAD-7, and PHQ-15 scales.

Items	Mean	SD
D1: Low interest or pleasure	2.09	0.94
D2: Feeling down, hopeless	1.97	0.97
D3: Trouble sleeping	1.96	1.00
D4: Tired or little energy	2.17	0.91
D5: Poor appetite/overeating	1.73	1.03
D6: Guilt	1.92	1.04
D7: Trouble concentrating	1.72	1.03
D8: Moving slowly/restless	1.15	1.03
D9: Suicidal thoughts	1.05	0.95
A1: Nervous, anxious, on edge	1.90	0.93
A2: Uncontrollable worry	1.72	1.04
A3: Worry about different things	1.77	1.02
A4: Trouble relaxing	1.50	1.01
A5: Restless	0.96	0.97
A6: Irritable	1.50	1.00
A7: Afraid something awful might happen	0.98	0.97
S1: Stomach pain	0.63	0.63
S2: Back Pain	0.61	0.70
S3: Pain arm, legs	0.55	0.65
S4: Menstruation	0.73	0.76
S5: Headaches	0.98	0.70
S6: Chest pain	0.50	0.62
S7: Dizziness	0.98	0.68
S8: Fainting	1.19	0.69
S9: Heart race	0.83	0.73
S10: Short breath	0.84	0.76
S11: Pain sexual int	0.18	0.44
S12: Constipation	0.91	0.71
S13: Nausea, gas	0.85	0.71
S14: Feeling tired	1.56	0.62
S15: Trouble sleep	1.31	0.72

The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9): D1-D9; the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7): A1-A7; the 15-item Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic symptom severity scale (PHQ-15): S1-S15; SD: Standard deviation.

Table 2. Characteristics of the patients.

Variables	n (%) or mean (SD)
Gender
Male	232 (24.7)
Female	707 (75.3)
Relationship status
Single	640 (68.2)
Has a partner	225 (24.0)
Married^a	74 (7.9)
Occupation
College student	722 (76.9)
Professional^b	217 (23.1)
Education level
High school or less	47 (5.0)
Undergraduate	783 (83.4)
Postgraduate or higher	109 (11.6)
Outpatient or inpatient
Outpatient	874 (93.1)
Inpatient	65 (6.8)
Age	22.4 (5.0)
Number of depressive episodes	1.7 (1.7)
Number of chronic diseases	0.20 (0.50)

^a The married category included widowed and divorced participants.

^b People who have already worked.

Figure 1. Depression network. Depression symptoms (PHQ-9): D1-D9; C1: number of depressive episodes; C2: number of chronic diseases; C3: gender; C4: education. Green was for positive and red was for negative edges.

Figure 2. Depression and associated anxiety network. Depression symptoms (PHQ-9): D1-D9; Anxiety symptoms (GAD-7): A1-A7; C1: number of depressive episodes; C2: number of chronic diseases; C3: gender; C4: education. Green was for positive and red was for negative edges.

Figure 3. Depression and associated somatization network. Depression symptoms (PHQ-9): D1-D9; Somatization symptoms (PHQ-15): S1-S15; C1: number of depressive episodes; C2: number of chronic diseases; C3: gender; C4: education. Green was for positive and red was for negative edges.

Figure 4. Depression and associated anxiety, somatization network. Depression symptoms (PHQ-9): D1-D9; Anxiety symptoms (GAD-7): A1-A7; Somatization symptoms (PHQ-15): S1-S15; C1: number of depressive episodes; C2: number of chronic diseases; C3: gender; C4: education. Green was for positive and red was for negative edges.