Digital-palmar dermatoglyphics characteristics of patients living with schizophrenia in Ghana

Figures & data

Figure 1. Diagram showing a straight line drawn between a core (A) and a triradius (B) for finger ridge count. Adopted from Gnanasivam and Vijayarajan (2019).

Figure 2. A diagram showing the palmar surface and method of determining the atd angle of the right and left hands. Demonstrated are the four digital triradii (a, b, c, d) located in proximal relation to the bases of the digits I, II, III, and IV (index finger to the little finger, respectively). The lines drawn from the distal ‘t’ triradius to the medial ‘a’ triradius and the lateral ‘d’ triradius form the atd angle (t°). Adapted from Singh et al. (2016).

Table 1. Comparison of digito-palmar dermatoglyphic patterns between schizophrenia and control groups and its association with schizophrenia.

Palmar patterns	Control n = 212 (%)	Schizophrenia n = 138 (%)	P-value	Schizophrenia OR (95% CI)	P-value
Hypothenar
Vestige	21 (9.90)	3 (2.20)	0.005	0.20 (0.06–0.69)	0.010
Loop pattern	10 (4.70)	6 (4.30)	0.900	0.84 (0.30–2.38)	0.745
Open field	181 (85.40)	129 (93.50)	0.020		.
Palmar creases
200	2 (0.90)	2 (1.40)	0.661	0.25 (0.01–4.73)	0.355
300	109 (51.40)	47 (34.10)	0.002	0.11 (0.01–0.99)	0.049
310	100 (47.20)	85 (61.60)	0.008	0.21 (0.02–1.94)	0.170
320	1 (0.50)	4 (2.90)	0.067
Control				Reference category
Thenar pattern
Vestige	13 (6.10)	6 (4.30)	0.467	0.74 (0.27–1.99)	0.543
Loop pattern	8 (3.80)	12 (8.70)	0.054	2.39 (0.95–6.01)	0.065
Open field	191 (90.10)	120 (87.00)	0.368		.
Finger patterns	Control	Schizophrenia	P-value	Schizophrenia	P-value
	n = 1060 (%)	n = 690 (%)		OR (95% CI)
DLW	19 (1.80)	0		–
TA	14 (1.30)	3 (0.40)	0.057	0.31 (0.09–1.07)	0.063
CPLW	17 (1.60)	15 (2.20)	0.361	1.26 (0.62–2.54)	0.525
RL	17 (1.60)	23 (3.30)	0.0197	1.93 (1.02–3.65)	0.044
PA	84 (7.90)	24 (3.50)	0.0002	0.41 (0.26–0.65)	< 0.001
PW	248 (23.40)	161 (23.30)	0.9615	0.93 (0.73–1.17)	0.508
UL	661 (62.40)	464 (67.20)	0.041
Control				Reference category

Table 2. Comparison of finger ridge count (FRC), triradius, a–b ridge count, and atd angle between patients with schizophrenia and control group.

	Right			Left
FRC	Control	Schizophrenia	P-value	Control	Schizophrenia	P-value
Thumb	13.8 ± 0.7	13.7 ± 0.8	0.76	12.8 ± 0.7	13.0 ± 0.9	0.96
Index	10.8 ± 0.6	12.0 ± 0.5	0.41	10.3 ± 0.6	11.2 ± 0.7	0.62
Middle	10.2 ± 0.6	11.0 ± 0.6	0.60	11.1 ± 0.6	11.9 ± 0.6	0.69
Ring	13.5 ± 0.5	14.1 ± 0.6	1.00	14.0 ± 0.6	14.0 ± 0.6	0.48
Little	12.4 ± 0.4	12.0 ± 0.5	0.41	12.4 ± 0.5	12.3 ± 0.5	0.70
Total FRC	60.8 ± 2.1	62.7 ± 2.4	0.86	60.5 ± 2.4	62.4 ± 2.5	0.87
Triradius
Thumb	1.3 ± 0.1	1.3 ± 0.1	0.91	1.3 ± 0.1	1.2 ± 0.1	0.36
Index	1.2 ± 0.1	1.3 ± 0.1	0.66	1.2 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.1	0.59
Middle	1.0 ± 0.1	1.2 ± 0.1	0.10	1.1 ± 0.1	1.2 ± 0.1	0.14
Ring	1.3 ± 0.1	1.4 ± 0.1	0.20	1.3 ± 0.1	1.3 ± 0.1	0.66
Little	1.1 ± 0.03	1.1 ± 0.1	0.22	1.1 ± 0.03	1.1 ± 0.03	0.91
Total triradius	5.9 ± 0.2	6.3 ± 0.2	0.28	5.8 ± 0.2	5.8 ± 0.2	0.80
a–b ridge count	37.1 ± 0.5	36.0 ± 0.7	0.18	37.5 ± 0.5	35.4 ± 0.6	0.01
atd angle	44.1 ± 0.5	42.1 ± 0.6	0.02	44.8 ± 2.0	41.6 ± 0.6	0.06

Gnanasivam P, Vijayarajan R. 2019. Gender classification from fingerprint ridge count and fingertip size using optimal score assignment. Complex Intell Syst. 5:343–352.

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Singh A, Gupta R, Zaidi S, Singh A. 2016. Dermatoglyphics: a brief review. Int J Adv Integr Med Sci. 1(3):111–115.

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Data availability statement

Supporting source files and raw data are deposited in Mendeley Data repository as Arko-Boham, Benjamin (2022), ‘Schizophrenia and Digital-Palmar Dermatoglyphics’, Mendeley Data, V6. https://doi.org/10.17632/p2hds3wj2h.6.