Outcomes in patients with metastatic gastric cancer: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program (SEER) database analysis

Figures & data

Figure 1. Nomogram for predicting overall survival in patients with metastasis gastric cancer. Notes: All the points assigned on the top point scale for each factor are summed together to generate a total point score. The total point score is projected on the bottom scales to determine the overall survival rate in an individual.

Table 1. Prognostic variables for overall survival and cancer-specific survival in MGC patients.

			Overall survival				Cancer-specific survival
	All patients (n = 2084)		Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis		Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
	N	Percentage (%)	HR (95%CI)	p	HR (95%CI)	p	HR (95%CI)	p	HR (95%CI)	p
Age at diagnosis, y
<30	31	1.5	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
30–39	94	4.5	1.18 (0.73-1.91)	0.504	1.21 (0.75-1.97)	0.44	0.63 (0.32-1.27)	1.20	0.67 (0.33-1.34)	0.26
40–49	214	10.3	1.23 (0.78-1.94)	0.365	1.10 (0.69-1.71)	0.71	0.55 (0.29-1.04)	0.06	0.56 (0.29-1.05)	0.07
50–59	428	20.5	1.21 (0.78-1.89)	0.390	1.06 (0.68-1.66)	0.78	0.54 (0.30-0.99)	0.04*	0.55 (0.30-1.01)	0.05
60–69	488	23.4	1.32 (0.85-2.04)	0.220	1.02 (0.65-1.59)	0.92	0.73 (0.41-1.32)	0.30	0.69 (0.38-1.25)	0.22
70–79	480	23.0	1.52 (0.98-2.36)	0.060	1.12 (0.72-1.74)	0.62	1.13 (0.63-2.02)	0.68	1.02 (0.57-1.85)	0.94
> = 80	349	16.3	1.95 (1.25-3.03)	0.003*	0.23 (0.73-1.79)	0.55	1.27 (0.70-2.29)	0.43	1.05 (0.58-1.92)	0.87
Race
White	1320	63.3	Reference				Reference
Black	341	16.4	0.99 (0.87-1.12)	0.84			0.99 (0.81-1.22)	0.95
Other	423	20.3	0.95 (0.85-1.07)	0.43			0.88 (0.72-1.08)	0.23
Sex
Male	1192	57.2	Reference				Reference
Female	892	42.8	0.92 (0.84-1.01)	0.10			0.92 (0.79-1.08)	0.31
Marital status
Married	1191	57.1	Reference				Reference		Reference
Other	893	42.9	1.08 (0.98-1.19)	0.12			1.21 (1.04-1.42)	0.01*	1.15 (0.98-1.35)	0.08
Tumor location
Fundus of stomach	129	6.2	Reference				Reference
Body of stomach	370	17.8	1.07 (0.86-1.33)	0.54			0.74 (0.52-1.04)	0.08
Pylorus	759	36.4	0.96 (0.78-1.18)	0.68			0.78 (0.57-1.07)	0.13
Lesser curvature of stomach	245	11.8	0.96 (0.76-1.22)	0.75			0.88 (0.62-1.26)	0.48
Great curvature of stomach	159	7.6	1.06 (0.82-1.37)	0.65			0.82 (0.55-1.22)	0.32
Overlapping lesion of stomach	422	20.2	1.11 (0.90-1.39)	0.32			0.80 (0.57-1.13)	0.21
T-stage
T0	2	<0.1	Reference				Reference
T1	519	24.9	2.25 (0.32-15.99)	0.42			0.82 (0.11-5.84)	0.84
T2	162	7.8	1.61 (0.23-11.56)	0.63			0.66 (0.09-4.76)	0.68
T3	486	23.3	1.80 (0.25-12.78)	0.56			0.69 (0.10-4.90)	0.71
T4	915	43.9	2.14 (0.30-15.19)	0.45			0.67 (0.09-4.79)	0.69
N-stage
N0	821	39.4	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
N1	719	34.5	0.93 (0.83-1.04)	0.19	0.96 (0.86-1.07)	0.46	0.84 (0.70-1.01)	0.07	1.15 (0.74-1.07)	0.21
N2	232	11.1	0.66 (0.55-0.78)	<0.01*	1.00 (0.84-1.20)	0.97	1.03 (0.82-1.31)	0.74	1.33 (1.03-1.71)	0.03*
N3	312	15.0	0.80 (0.70-0.93)	<0.01*	1.31 (1.10-1.55)	<0.01*	0.70 (0.54-0.89)	<0.01*	0.90 (0.68-1.18)	0.44
Grade
I	36	1.7	Reference		Reference		Reference
II	400	19.2	1.33 (0.90-1.97)	0.16	1.37 (0.92-2.04)	0.12	1.14 (0.66-1.98)	0.63
III	1605	77.0	1.50 (1.02-2.19)	0.04*	1.82 (1.24-2.68)	<0.01*	1.22 (0.71-2.07)	0.47
IV	43	2.0	1.64 (0.99-2.70)	0.05	2.18 (1.32-3.60)	<0.01*	1.20 (0.54-2.66)	0.65
Histologic type
Adenocarnioma	1300	62.4	Reference				Reference		Reference
Squamous carcinoma	6	0.3	0.89 (0.40-1.98)	0.77			1.07 (0.34-3.32)	0.91	1.32 (0.42-4.14)	0.64
Signet ring cell carcinoma	539	25.9	0.98 (0.88-1.09)	0.70			0.98 (0.81-1.18)	0.83	1.03 (0.85-1.24)	0.77
Adenosquamous carcinoma	7	0.3	0.89 (0.33-2.38)	0.82			3.69 (1.52-8.93)	<0.01*	4.50 (1.85-10.95)	<0.01*
Other	232	11.1	1.02 (0.88-1.19)	0.75			0.99 (0.77-1.28)	0.95	0.98 (0.76-1.27)	0.91
Surgery
Yes	625	30.0	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
No	1459	70.0	1.69 (1.52-1.88)	<0.01*	2.31 (2.01-2.65)	<0.01*	1.26 (1.07-1.48)	<0.01*	1.49 (1.22-1.82)	<0.01*
Radiotherapy
Yes	263	12.6	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
No	1821	87.4	1.19 (1.03-1.37)	0.02*	1.26 (1.09-1.46)	<0.01*	1.49 (1.16-1.90)	<0.01*	1.54 (1.20-1.98)	<0.01*
Chemotherapy
Yes	1285	61.7	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
No	799	38.3	2.68 (2.43-2.95)	<0.01*	3.21 (2.88-3.57)	<0.01*	2.03 (1.73-2.40)	<0.01*	2.21 (1.87-2.63)	<0.01*
Brain metastasis
Yes	16	0.8	Reference		Reference		Reference
No	2068	99.2	0.55 (0.33-0.91)	0.02*	0.59 (0.35-0.99)	0.04*	1.47 (0.37-5.91)	0.58
Bone metastasis
Yes	156	7.5	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
No	1928	92.5	0.67 (0.56-0.80)	<0.01*	0.77 (0.64-0.93)	<0.01*	0.65 (0.48-0.88)	<0.01*	0.65 (0.48-0.88)	<0.01*
Liver metastasis
Yes	726	34.8	Reference		Reference		Reference
No	1358	65.2	0.77 (0.70-0.85)	<0.01*	0.81 (0.73-0.90)	<0.01*	0.93 (0.79-1.1)	0.41
Lung metastasis
Yes	198	9.5	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
No	1886	90.5	0.61 (0.52-0.71)	<0.01*	0.63 (0.54-0.74)	<0.01*	0.73 (0.55-0.96)	0.02*	0.75 (0.57-0.99)	0.04*

Note: p (univariate and multivariate analysis) indicate that the p-value was analyzed via Cox proportional hazards regression models. *indicates p-value < 0.05 (2-tailed). HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Figure 2. Calibration plot of training set showing (A) nomogram-predicted 1-year overall survival probabilities with the actual 1-year overall survival and (B) the nomogram-predicted 3-year overall survival with the actual 3-year overall survival.

Figure 3. Calibration plot of validation set showing (A) nomogram-predicted 1-year overall survival probabilities with the actual 1-year overall survival and (B) the nomogram-predicted 3-year overall survival with the actual 3-year overall survival.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in Science Data Bank, at https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.07169.