Boron/nitrogen co-doped diamond electrode for highly efficient electrochemistry detection of aniline

Figures & data

Table 1. The detection limit and linear range of aniline detection by various methods.

Methods	Detection limit (μmol L^–1)	Linear range (μmol L^–1)	Reference.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering	0.00042	0.001 − 1	[5]
Electrochemiluminescence	0.005	0.01 − 10	[6]
Liquid chromatography	2.23	21.48 − 657.17	[7]
Gas chromatography	3.66	5.37 − 42.95	[9]
Electrochemistry (Screen-printed carbon electrode)	1.4	2 − 40	[10]
Electrochemistry (Nanoparticle-Au films electrode)	0.5	0.5 − 60	[11]
Electrochemistry (Boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode)	1.0	1 − 140	[12]
Electrochemistry (Boron/nitrogen co-doped (BND) electrode)	0.29	0.5 − 500	This work

Figure 1. SEM images of BND (a) and BDD (b) films.

Figure 2. (a) Raman spectra and (b) XRD patterns of BND and BDD films.

Figure 3. XPS spectra of the BND and BDD electrodes. (a) B 1 s, (c) N 1 s, and (e) C 1 s of the BND electrode: (b) B 1 s, (d) N 1 s, and (f) C 1 s of the BDD electrode.

Figure 4. CVs on the BND electrode (red line) and BDD electrode (black line) in pH 2.0 buffer solution containing 100 μmol L⁻¹ aniline. The scan rate is 0.3 V s⁻¹.

Figure 5. (a) Five CVs of 100 μmol L⁻¹ aniline on the BND electrode at different scan rates in 0.1 mol L⁻¹ PBS (pH = 2.0). The scan rates are 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 V s⁻¹. (b) DNPV curves of 100 μmol L⁻¹ aniline on the BND electrode in 0.1 mol L⁻¹ PBS with pH value of 2.0, 4.0, 5.8, 7.0 and 8.0.

Figure 6. The DNPV diagrams of aniline with the different concentration from 0.5 μmol L⁻¹ to 500 μmol L⁻¹ on the BND electrode in 0.1 mol L⁻¹ PBS (pH = 2.0) buffer solution.

Figure 7. Calibration curve of aniline detections for BND electrode. The error bars represent the relative standard deviations of triple measurements.

Table 2. Recoveries of aniline with varying concentrations added in natural water samples.

Samples	Added aniline (mol L^–1)	Detected (mol L^–1)	Recovery (%)	RSD (%)
1	0	Undetectable
2	1.00 × 10^–5	0.97 × 10^–5	97.0	5.4
3	5.00 × 10^–5	5.41 × 10^–5	108.2	3.5
4	1.00 × 10^–4	9.92 × 10^–5	99.2	2.3

Li D, Li DW, Fossey JS, et al. Portable surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensor for rapid detection of aniline and phenol derivatives by on-site electrostatic preconcentration. Anal Chem. 2010;82(22):9299–9305.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wang X, Yang Y, Gao H. A novel solid-state electrochemiluminescence quenching sensor for detection of aniline based on luminescent composite nanofibers. J Lumin. 2014;156:229–234.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Boulahlib S, Boudina A, Si-Ahmed K, et al. Development and validation of a fast and simple HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of aniline and its degradation products in wastewater. Anal Methods. 2016;8(30):5949–5956.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Nazari N, Masrournia M, Es-Haghi Z, et al. Simultaneous extraction and preconcentration of aniline, phenol, and naphthalene using magnetite–graphene oxide composites before gas chromatography determination. J Sep Science. 2016;39(15):3046–3053.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Seymour EH, Lawrence NS, Beckett EL, et al. Electrochemical detection of aniline: an electrochemically initiated reaction pathway. Talanta. 2002;57:233–242.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Lee K-U, Tran TH, Kim SH, et al. Fabrication of nanoporous gold thin films on glass substrates for amperometric sensing of aniline. J Alloys Compd. 2017;713:132–137.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Spătaru T, Spătaru N, Fujishima A. Detection of aniline at boron-doped diamond electrodes with cathodic stripping voltammetry. Talanta. 2007;73(2):404–406.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar