Analysing the spatial patterns and trends of urban growth in Rohtak city, India

Figures & data

Figure 1. Location map of study area.

Source: By Authors from Municipal office, Rohtak

Table 1. Information about satellite data

Sr. No.	Satellite ID	Scene ID	Acquisition Date	Path/Row	Spatial Resolution/cell size (m)
1	Landsat 4–5 “TM”	LT514704019910305064ISP00	05–03-1991	147/040	30
2	Landsat 7 “ETM+”	LE71470402001067SGS00	08–03-2001	147/040	30
3	Landsat 7 “ETM+”	LE71470402011271PFS00	05–04-2011	147/040	30
4	Landsat 7 “ETM+”	LE71470402021154SGI00	03–06-2021	147/040	30

Source: https://www.usgs.gov/.

Table 2. Classification of land use/ land cover

Sr. No.	Class Name	Descriptions
1	Built-up Area	Uses for the residential, peripheral rural part, business, manufacturing, services and construction of means of transportation (like road, railways) or other urban features.
2	Agriculture Land	It includes the area used for the production of foodstuffs and some of the structures linked with this fabrication.
3	Vegetation	The green area is covered by trees and shrubs, scattered trees in recreational areas, forests, and green belts.
4	Bare/open Land	Exposed soil, landfill or dumping sites, active mining areas, open space in the developed area.
5	Water Bodies	Canal, lakes, drainage, ponds, reservoirs, etc.

Table 3. Growths in population and municipal area of Rohtak City, 1901–2021

Census Year	Urban Status	Area in Hectares	Persons	Variation in Population
				Absolute	Percentage
1901	M & C.L.	NA	20323	—	—
1911	M & C.L.	NA	20361	38	0.19
1921	M & C.L.	NA	25240	4879	23.96
1931	M & C.L.	NA	35235	9995	39.60
1941	M & C.L.	NA	48148	12,913	36.65
1951	M.C.	NA	71902	23,754	49.34
1961	M.C.	1166	88,193	16,291	22.66
1971	M.C.	1166	124,755	36,562	41.46
1981	M.C.	2203	166,767	42,012	33.68
1991	M.C.	2838	216,096	49,329	29.58
2001	M. Cl.	2958	294,577	78,481	36.32
2011	M. Corp.	10,247	374,292	79,715	27.06
2021*	M. Corp.	13,914	488,842	114,550	27.06

Source: Census of India, 2001 and 2011. MC office, Rohtak.

Note: M & C.L. = Municipality and Civil Lines, M.C. = Municipal Committee, M. Cl. = Municipal Council and M. Corp. = Municipal Corporation, * Means Estimated/Projected Population and NA = Data not Available.

Table 4. Land use and land cover in Rohtak City

Sr. No.	Class Name	1991		2001		2011		2021
		Area (in hectares)	.Area (in %)	Area (in hectares)	Area (in %)	Area (in hectares)	Area (in %)	Area (in hectares)	Area (in %)
1	Built-up area	1640.79	11.79	2647.17	19.02	4900.41	35.22	6686.36	48.05
2	Agriculture Land	9579.51	68.84	8943.30	64.27	6974.1	50.12	4704.99	33.81
3	Vegetation	961.02	6.91	512.46	3.68	744.84	5.35	1018.71	7.32
4	Bare/open land	1426.32	10.25	1304.82	9.38	888.75	6.39	1027.42	7.38
5	Water bodies	307.26	2.21	507.15	3.64	406.8	2.92	477.42	3.43
	Total	13,914.90	100	13,914.90	100	13,914.90	100	13,914.90	100

Source: Calculated by authors

Table 5. Land use/land cover change statistics in Rohtak city from 1991 to 2021

Sr. No.	Class Name	Area Change (in Hectares)			Percent Points Change
		1991–2001	2001–2011	2011–2021	1991–2001	2001–2011	2011–2021
1	Built-up area	1006.38	2253.24	1785.95	7.23	16.19	12.83
2	Agriculture Land	−636.21	−1969.2	−2269.11	−4.57	−14.15	−16.31
3	Vegetation	−448.56	232.38	273.87	−3.22	1.67	1.97
4	Bare/open land	−121.5	−416.07	138.67	−0.87	−2.99	1.00
5	Water bodies	199.89	−100.35	70.62	1.44	−0.72	0.51

Source: Calculated by authors

Figure 2. Quantitative changes in land use/land cover of Rohtak City 1991–2021.

Source: Calculated by authors

Figure 3. Land use/land cover mapping for Rohtak city.

Source: Based on satellite data

Figure 4. Gain and loss of area from 1991 to 2021.

Source: Calculated by authors

Table 6. Growth rates of population and sprawl in Rohtak city

Year	Built-up Area (in Hectares)	Growth Rate in Percent	Population	Growth Rate in Percent
1991	1640.79	—-	216,096	—-
2001	2647.17	61.34	294,577	36.32
2011	4900.41	85.12	374,292	27.06
2021	6686.36	36.44	488,842	27.06
2031*	9564.27	36.44	638,455	27.06
2041*	13,680.89	36.44	833,858	27.06

Source: Census of India, 2001 and 2011. Built-up area computed by authors from satellite images. *Projected Population and built-up area.

Figure 5. Spatial expansion of Rohtak city (1991–2021).

Source: Based on satellite data

Table 7. Change in Shannon’s entropy values of Rohtak city

Years	Hn	Δ Hn	H’n
1991	1.191	—	0.887
2001	1.247	0.056	0.929
2011	1.301	0.053	0.969
2021	1.321	0.021	0.984

Source: Calculated by authors from satellite data

Dahal, K. R., Benner, S., & Lindquist, E. (2016). Analyzing spatiotemporal patterns of urbanization in Treasure Valley, Idaho, USA. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 11(2), 205–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-016-9215-1

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Data Availability Statement

The study is based on open-source satellite data (Landsat satellite data), which have been downloaded from the United States Geological Survey (https://www.usgs.gov/) (Table 1). Other information related to the study area was derived from the city headquarters and census of India.