Environmental impact of building construction and energy consumption; case study of Iran

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of the variables, years ‎1994‎-‎2019‎

Variable	Observation	Average	Min	Max	Std. Dev
CO2 (metric-ton)	26	79.04	35.16	106.69	22.99
HEC (Million barrels)	26	269.60	139.60	402.30	269.60
HIS (billion Rials)	26	210,315.7	29.44	810,562.6	267,726.9
RHC (Housing units)	26	166,662	94,232	263,491	43,956.45

Table 2. Results of augmented dickey-fuller test

Variable	Stationary level	Critical Value (5%)	Statistic	Prob.
LCO2	I0	−2.99	−3.59	0.01
LHSI	I1	−3/62	−3.83	0.03
LHEC	I1	−3.61	7.91-	0.00
LRHC	I1	−3.61	−4.40	0.00

Table 3. Model estimation results of ARDL (1,0,0,0)

Variable	Coefficient	Statistic	Prob.
LCO2	0.396	3.46	0.00
LHSI	0.029	0.98	0.03
LHEC	0.285	2.59	0.01
LRHC	0.071	2.71	0.01
C	−0.125	−0.23	0.81
R^2 = 0.97	D.W = 2.561	F = 15.16	Prob. (0.00)

Table 4. Diagnostic tests

Statistical Test	Statistic	Prob.
Ramsey Reset	F (19,1) = 3.06	0.09
ARCH	0.152	0.70
Serial Autocorrelation	1.92	0.17
Normality (Jarque—Bera)	J-B = 1.97	0.37

Table 5. Long-run ARDL model estimation

Variable	Coefficient	Statistic	Prob.
LHSI	0.048	1.11	0.007
LHEC	0.473	2.24	0.03
LRHC	0.118	2.79	0.01
C	−0.207	−0.23	0.008

Table 6. Error correction model estimation (ECM)

Variable	Coefficient	Statistic	Prob.
Coint. Eq (−1) *	−0.60	−8.72	0.00