Prevalence and predictors of iron deficiency anemia among pregnant women in Bolosso Bomibe district, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia Community-based cross-sectional study

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map of study area. Source: Bolosso Bombe Woreda Health Office.

Table 1. Sample size determination for second specific objectives, associated factors with IDA among pregnant women in Boloso Bomibe District, Southern Ethiopia, 2019

S. no.	Variables/ factors	Confidence level (%)	Power (%)	Ratio unexpexposed	Outcome in unexposed (%)	Outcome in exposed (%)	None response	Sample size	Reference
1	History of ANC	95	80	1	94.4	48.2	10%	36 + 4	(Brhanie & Sisay, 2016)
2	Eating three main meals	95	80	1	75.8	24.2	10%	36 + 4	(Rehab et al., 2014)
3	Age 25–34 years	95	80	1	68.4	31.6	10%	66 + 7	(Rehab et al., 2014)

Figure 2. Schematic presentation of sampling procedure.

Table 2. Socio-demographic and economic characteristics of study participants in Boloso Bombe District, Southern Ethiopia, 2019

Variables (n = 240)	Category	Number and percentage
Age group (years)	<20	42 (17.5)
	20–35	190 (79.2)
	>35	8 (3.3)
Residence	Rural	216 (90)
	Urban	24 (10)
Educational level of respondent	Illiterate	69 (28.8)
	Nonformal education	85 (35.4)
	Primary (grades 1–8)	53 (21.1)
	Secondary (9–12)	28 (11.7)
	Above secondary	5 (2.1)
Educational level of husband	Illiterate	39 (16.3)
	Nonformal education	51 (21.3)
	Primary (grades 1−8)	92 (38.3)
	Secondary (9–12)	44 (18.3)
	Above secondary	14 (5.8)

Table 3. Obstetrics factors and gynecological factors

Variables (n = 240)	Category	Number and percentage
Gravidity	Primigravida	51 (21.3)
	Multigravida	189 (78.7)
Parity	<5	136 (71.9)
	≥5	53 (22.1)
Gestational age	Second trimester	100 (41.7)
	Third trimester	140 (58.3)
Level of birth spacing	<2 years	49 (30)
	>2 years	140 (70)
ANC follow-up for the recent pregnancy	Yes No	179 (74.6) 61 (25.4)
Health education given during ANC visit	Yes No	140 (80) 39 (20)
Collect iron tablets during ANC visit	Yes No	149 (82.8 30 (19.2)
Duration of menstrual bleeding	<5 days ≥5 days	136 (56.7) 102 (42.5)

Table 4. Nutrition-related characteristics and feeding habit

Variables (n = 240)	Category		Number and percentage
Tea/coffee with every meal	Yes		148 (61.7)
	No		92 (38.3)
Eat per day	< 3 times 3 times 4–5 times		48 (19.9) 152 (63.3) 40 (16.6)
Pica	Yes		39 (16.3)
	No		201 (83.7)
History of getting the following food groups in the last 24 h
Grain, roots, and tubers	No	124 (51.7)
	Yes	116 (48.3)
Vitamin A-rich vegetables and tubers	No	170 (70)
	Yes	70 (30)
Dark leafy greens and vegetables	No	117 (48.8)
	Yes	123 (51.3)
Other vegetables	No	150 (63)
	Yes	90 (37)
Other vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables	No	163 (68)
	Yes	77 (32)
Eggs	No	213 (88.8)
	Yes	27 (11.3)
Meat poultry and fish	No	229 (95)
	Yes	11 (5)
Nuts and seeds	No	222 (92.5)
	Yes	18 (7.5)
Dairy	No	221 (92.1)
	Yes	19 (7.9)
DDS	Adequate	60 (25)
	Inadequate	180 (75)

DDS: dietary diversity score.

Table 5. Multivariable analysis of variables associated with IDA among pregnant mothers of Bolosso Bombe District, Southern Ethiopia, 2019

Variables (n = 240)		Iron deficiency anemia		OR (95% CI)
		Yes	No	Crude		Adjusted
		Number (%)	Number (%)
ANC follow-up for current pregnancy	Yes	14 (7.8)	165 (92.2)	1		1
	No	13 (21.3)	48 (78.7	3.2 (1.4–7.25)		3 (1–8.9)**
Parity	<5	16 (8.6)	120 (91.4)	1		1
	≥5	42 (79)	11 (20.8)	2.8 (1.210−6.47)		1.9 (0.65–5.5)
Years b/n successive pregnancy	< 2 years	10 (20.4%)	39 (79.6%)	2.9 (1.2–7.25)		4 (1.2–12.4)
	>2 years	13 (8%)	150 (92%)	1		1
Tea or coffee with meal	Yes	22 (14.9)	126 (85.1)	3 (1.1–8.3)		2.6 (0.8–8.2)**
	No	5 (5.4)	87 (88.8)	1		1
Dietary diversity for women	Inadequate	25 (14.2)	151 (85.80)	5 (1.18–22.3)		5.2 (0.9–28.5)*
	Adequate	2 (3.1)	62 (96.9)	1		1
MUAC	<23	15 (20.5)	58 (79.5)	3.3 ((1.5–7.6)		4 (1.5–10.8)**
	≥23	12 (7.2)	155 (92.8)		1	1

**p < 0.001 and *p < 0.05 and 95% CI = confidence interval. 1 = reference groups.

Central Statistical Agency (CSA) [Ethiopia] and ICF. (2016). Ethiopia demographic and health survey 2016. CSA and ICF.

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Rehab, M., Ruqaya, A., Shayma, A., Azhar, A., & Faisal, A. (2014). The prevalence and factors associated with iron deficiency anemia in anemic pregnant women. Bahrain Medical Bulletin, 36(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-0711.1000150

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