Determinants of maternal substance use during pregnancy among the pastoral community, Northeast Ethiopia: Bayesian analysis approach

Figures & data

Table A1. Socio-demographic characteristics of pregnant women in pastoral community, Afar Region, Northeast Ethiopia

Variable	Category of variables	Frequency (N)	Percentage (%)
Age category	15–24	97	20
	25–34	273	56.4
	35+	114	23.9
Religion	Muslim	341	70.5
	orthodox	94	19.4
	Catholic	49	10.1
Ethnicity	Afar	222	45.9
	Amara	153	31.6
	Tigray	50	10.3
	Somali	36	7.4
	Others+	23	4.8
Marital status	Married	462	95.5
	Unmarried*	22	4.5
Women education level	No formal education	198	40.9
	Elementary	127	26.2
	Secondary	106	21.9
	Teritiary	53	11
Husband education level	No formal education	83	17.1
	Elementary	79	16.3
	secondary	94	19.4
	Teritiary	228	47.1
Occupation of women	Housewife	367	75.8
	Farmer	12	2.5
	Merchant	51	10.5
	Gov’t employee	46	9.5
	Others*	8	1.7
Occupation of husband	Farmer	52	10.7
	Merchant	125	25.8
	Gov’t employee	227	46.9
	NGOs employee	58	12
	Others**	22	4.5
Total family size	<5	223	46.1
	5+	261	53.9
Monthly income	<1500	48	9.9
	1500–3499	150	31
	3500–4999	96	19.8
	5000+	196	39.3

Notes: Unmarried*=single, divorced, or widowed, Others+= students, NGOs-employee, self-employed, Others++= students, daily laborer, Not-employed

Table A2. Medical and obstetric related factors among pregnant women in pastoral community, Afar Region, Northeast Ethiopia

Variable	category	Frequency	percentage
Gravidity	Primi-gravida	36	7.4
	Multi-gravida	448	92.6
Parity	Primi-para	152	31.4
	Multi-para	332	68.6
Pregnancy status	Planned	442	91.3
	Unplanned	42	8.7
Gestational age	0–12 weeks	17	3.5
	13–24 weeks	168	34.7
	25–40 weeks	299	61.8
ANC follow up	Yes	366	75.6
	No	118	24.4
ANC visit	<4 visits	341	93.2
	4+ visit	25	6.8
History of adverse birth outcomes (PTB, LBW, stillbirth, abortion, SGA)	Yes	77	15.9
	No	407	84.1
Medical problem prior or during this pregnancy	Yes	62	12.8
	No	422	87.2

Table A3. Behavioral characteristics of substance use during pregnancy in pastoral community, Afar Region, Northeast Ethiopia

Variable list	Variable category	frequency	Percentage
Chewed khat prior this pregnancy	Yes	138	28.5
	No	346	71.5
Chewed khat during this pregnancy	Yes	182	37.6
	No	302	62.4
Frequency of khat chewing during the current pregnancy	Every day	73	40.1
	At least once per week	78	42.9
	At least once per fortnight	7	3.8
	Occasionally	8	13.2
Smoke cigarettes prior this pregnancy	Yes	44	9.1
	No	440	90.9
Smoke cigarrate during this pregnancy	Yes	61	12.6
	No	423	87.4
Frequency of smoking	Every day	16	26.2
	At least once per week	30	49.2
	At least once per fortnight	7	11.5
	occasionally	8	13.1
Drink alcohol prior to this pregnancy	Yes	45	9.3
	No	439	90.7
Drink alcohol during this pregnancy	Yes	59	12.2
	No	425	87.8
How often you drinking alcohol	Every day	9	15.3
	At least once per week	16	27.1
	At least once per fortnight	14	27.7
	Occasionally	20	33.9
Husband chewing khat in the last seven days	Yes	191	39.5
	No	293	60.5
Husband smoke cigarette in the last seven days	Yes	94	19.4
	No	390	80.6
Husband drinking alcohol in the last seven days	Yes	52	10.7
	No	432	89.3
Head of household	Husband	344	71.1
	Wife	34	7
	Both	106	21.9
Decision maker on family planning utilization/choices	husband	25	5.2
	Wife	164	33.9
	Both	295	61
Social norm tolerant to violence against women	Yes	6	1.2
	No	478	98.2
Pregnancy women’s reasons for substance use during pregnancy	For relaxation	74	15.3
	Socialization	71	14.7
	Peer pressure	124	25.6
	Others*	23	4.8

Notes: Others*- medicinal purposes, religious perspectives, cultural reasons.

Table A4. Bayesian logistic regression to identify predictors of maternal substance use during pregnancy in pastoral community, Afar Region, Northeast Ethiopia

Variables	Category	Substance Use		SD	MCSE	AOR (95% CI)
		Yes	No
Age	15–24	39	58	-	-	1.00
	25–34	144	129	0.4375	0.0389	1.87 (1.17, 2.88)*
	35+	50	64	0.6753	0.0539	2.19 (0.91, 3.84)
Women education level	No education	63	135	-	-	1.00
	Primary	65	62	0.3386	0.0157	1.66 (0.91, 2.41)
	Secondary	64	42	0.7029	.03592	2.87 (0.76, 4.51)
	Tertiary	41	12	2.6711	0.1449	8.11 (4.27, 14.59)*
Marital status	Married	217	245	-	-	1.00
	Unmarried	16	6	0.3758	0.0299	1.56 (0.91, 2.39)
Husband education level	No education	34	49	-	-	1.00
	Primary	37	42	0.3713	0.0263	1.12 (0.57, 2.01)
	Secondary	50	44	0.2342	0.0085	0.66 (0.38, 1.21)
	Tertiary	112	116	0.3127	0.0183	1.13 (0.62, 1.85)
Family size	<5	125	98	-	-	1.00
	5+	108	153	0.1041	0.0089	0.48 (0.31, 1.71)
Monthly income (in ETB)	<1500	24	24	-	-	1.00
	1500–3499	71	79	0.2470	0.0183	0.93 (0.54, 1.48)
	3500–4999	38	58	0.1513	0.0139	0.58 (0.34, 1.91)
	5000+	100	90	0.1809	0.0140	0.98 (0.67, 1.37)
Pregnancy status	Planned	205	237	-	-	1.00
	Unplanned	28	14	0.4589	0.0359	1.83 (1.11, 2.89)*
Number of ANC Visits	<4 visits	161	180	-	-	1.00
	4 and above	5	20	0.1526	0.0088	0.44 (021, 0.80)*
History of adverse birth outcomes	Yes	48	29	-	-	1.00
	No	185	221	0.1918	0.0146	0.75 (0.43, 1.18)
Medical problems prior during pregnancy	Yes	35	27	-	-	1.00
	No	198	224	0.2179	0.0082	1.01 (0.63, 1.49)
Head of House hold	Husband	152	192	-	-	1.00
	Wife	24	10	0.8129	0.0569	2.91 (1.65, 4.81)*
	Both	57	49	0.2782	0.0192	1.21 (0.74, 1.82)
Decision maker for FP utilization/choices	Husband	15	10	-	-	1.00
	Wife	70	94	0.4893	0.0388	1.67 (0.94, 2.83)
	Both	148	147	0.3389	0.0238	1.23 (0.72, 2.07)
Husband substance use in the last 7 days	No	68	182	-	-	1.00
	Yes	165	69	1.0059	0.0683	5.78 (4.10, 8.01)*

Note:  * indicates significant predictor variables for substance use during pregnancy at 95% credible interval

Figure B1. Empty model (constant).

Figure B2. Age category (Anteab et al., 2014b; Behnke, VC, et al., 2013; Day et al., 1985; Lester et al., 2004; Nakajima et al., 2017; Organization, 2010, 2014; Shanmugam, 2017; Thomas et al., 2018; Whittaker, 2014).

Figure B3. Women’s tertiary education level.

Figure B4. Number of ANC Visits (4 and above).

Figure B5. Pregnancy status (unplanned).

Figure B6. Head of HH (wife).

Figure B7. Husband substance use (yes).