Heavy metals in local and imported cosmetics in Ghana and their health risk assessment

Figures & data

Figure 1. A map of Kejetia the study area.

Table 1. Results of recovery studies and LOD and LOQ

Metals	Un-spiked amount (mg/kg)	Amount added (mgkg)	Spiked amount (mg/kg)	Recovery %	LOD (mg/kg)	LOQ (mg/kg)
Pb	2.7 ± 0.02	8.0	10.5	74.28	0.16	0.539
Cd	1.5 ± 0.00	5.0	6.4	76.56	0.06	0.539
As	0.4 ± 0.01	4.0	4.3	113.95	0.029	0.097
Fe	0.3 ± 0.01	2.0	2.2	86.36	0.016	0.054
Ni	0.2 ± 0.00	1.0	1.1	81.81	0.001	0.050
Cr	0.2 ± 0.01	3.0	5.0	82.76	0.015	0.050
Hg	0.5 ± 0.02	2.0	2.3	78.26	0.07	0.054

Table 2. Mean concentrations (mg/kg) of heavy metals in cosmetics

Cosmetic	Pb	Cd	As	Fe	Ni	Cr	Hg
Local
Lotion	0.43 ± 0.51	0.88 ± 0.38	10.05 ± 0.29	1.50 ± 0.58	ND	0.41 ± 0.35	6.24 ± 0.20
Cream	1.57 ± 0.81	3.16 ± 2.05	1.25 ± 0.65	0.04 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.33 ± 0.21	8.25 ± 1.96
Eyeliner	1.22 ± 1.03	2.00 ± 1.77	9.23 ± 0.19	6.85 ± 2.54	0.00 ± 0.00	1.39 ± 0.37	0.26 ± 0.13
Lipstick	5.69 ± 3.85	2.49 ± 1.56	3.62 ± 1.98	9.87 ± 5.23	0.01 ± 0.00	7.26 ± 4.96	ND
Imported
Lotion	8.71 ± 5.17	5.55 ± 3.80	5.72 ± 0.99	7.11 ± 3.35	0.01 ± 0.00	7.68 ± 3.67	1.63 ± 0.76
Cream	6.19 ± 3.37	3.69 ± 1.90	3.38 ± 3.90	2.51 ± 2.43	0.02 ± 0.01	5.05 ± 1.83	5.03 ± 1.64
Eyeliner	9.05 ± 4.65	4.56 ± 2.31	4.92 ± 2.78	5.07 ± 3.50	0.00 ± 0.00	4.94 ± 0.88	1.84 ± 0.35
Lipstick	13.03 ± 2.00	9.58 ± 1.25	8.11 ± 0.99	12.98 ± 6.12	0.00 ± 0.00	5.56 ± 1.49	ND

Table 3. Margin of Safety for heavy metals using 100% bioaccessibility

Cosmetic	Pd	Cd	As	Fe	Ni	Cr	Hg
Local
Lotion	1.68	2.34 × 10^−5	6.17 × 10^−5	0.0048	-	0.00015	0.00094
Cream	0.46	0.00065	0.00049	1.81 × 10^−5	-	0.000188	0.00071
Eyeliner	1.04 × 10^−8	1.82 × 10^−7	1.19 × 10^−8	1.86 × 10^−7	-	7.86 × 10^−9	3.99 × 10^−8
Lipstick	1.31 × 10^−6	8.58 × 10^−7	1.77 × 10^−7	7.56 × 10^−7	4.26 × 10^−9	8.81 × 10^−7	-
Imported
Lotion	0.08	0.00039	0.0001	0.001	4.13 × 10^−6	0.0008	0.0036
Cream	0.12	0.00061	0.00018	0.0028	0.0002	0.0012	0.0011
Eyeliner	1.41 × 10^−7	7.84 × 10^−8	2.22 × 10^−8	2.52 × 10^−7	-	2.21 × 10^−7	5.64 × 10^−7
Lipstick	5.74 × 10^−5	2.23 × 10^−7	7.88 × 10^−8	5.74 × 10^−5	-	1.15 × 10^−6	-

Table 4. Hazard Quotient (HQ) of heavy metals in cosmetics using 100% bioaccessibility

Cosmetic	HQ values
	Pb	Cd	As	Fe	Ni	Cr	Hg
Local
Lotion	59.40	426	1620	2070	-	66.20	1060
Cream	217	153	2020	55.3	-	53.20	1400
Eyeliner	0.0095	0.055	0.84	0.54	-	0.013	0.0025
Lipstick	0.76	1.17	5.65	13.20	0.00023	1.14	-
Imported
Lotion	1210	2510	9230	9840	0.240	1240	277
Cream	856	1630	5450	3470	0.490	815	854
Eyeliner	0.07	0.130	0.450	0.397	-	0.045	0.0177

Table 5. Carcinogenic risk of chromium for dermal exposure pathway for body cream and lotion samples (100% bioaccessibility)

Cosmetics	SEDDermal	Slope factor	Cancer Risk (CR)
Local: cream	3.19 × 10^−2	2.1	6.70 × 10^−2
Imported: cream	4.89 × 10^−1	2.1	1.03 × 10°
Local: lotion	3.97 × 10^−2	2.1	8.34 × 10^−2
Imported: lotion	7.44 × 10^−1	2.1	1.56 × 10°

Table 6. Carcinogenic risk of Arsenic for dermal exposure pathway for body cream and lotion samples (100% bioaccessibility)

Cosmetics	SEDDermal	Slope factor	Cancer Risk (CR)
Local: cream	1.21 × 10^−1	47.5	5.75 × 10°
Imported: cream	3.27 × 10^−1	47.5	1.55 × 10^1
Local: lotion	9.37 × 10^−1	47.5	4.62 × 10^1
Imported: lotion	5.54 × 10^−1	47.5	2.63 × 10^1

Figure 2. Heavy metal concentrations in cosmetic samples (A) Pb concentrations (mg/kg) in cosmetic samples (B) as concentrations (mg/kg) in cosmetic samples (C) Cd concentrations (mg/kg) in cosmetic samples (D) Fe concentrations (mg/kg) in cosmetic samples (E) Ni concentrations (mg/kg) in cosmetic samples (F) Cr concentrations (mg/kg) in cosmetic samples (G) Hg concentrations (mg/kg) in cosmetic samples.

Figure 3. HI values versus cosmetic samples.

Figure 4. Comparing Pb concentration with EU, WHO, and USFDA limits.

Figure 5. Comparing the Cd concentration with EU and WHO limits.

Figure 6. Comparing Hg concentration with WHO and USFDA limit..

Table

AAS	Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
CR:	Carcinogenic Risk
CR:	Carcinogenic Risk
EU:	European Union
FDA	Food and Drugs Authority
HI	Hazard Index
HQ	Hazard Quotient
LOQ	Level of Quantification
LOD	Level of Detection
MF	Modifying Factor
MoS	Margin of Safety
NOAEL	No Observable Adverse Effect Level
NIST	National Institute of Standards and Technology
RFD	Reference Dose
SED	Systemic Exposure Dosage
SF	Slope Factor
SPSS	Statistical Package for Social Science
UF	Uncertain Factor
USFDA	United States Food and Drugs Authority
USFDA	United States Food and Drugs Authority
USEPA	United States Environmental Authority
WACOMP	West Africa Competitiveness Programme
WHO	World Health Organization

Data availability statement

The data is found in the manuscript or immediately available from the authors