Modelling survival and factors associated with HIV-infected and -uninfected patients of prostate cancer at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics of prostate cancer patients

Variable	Proportion (total sample = 662)
Dead
Yes	43.8% (290)
No	56.2% (372)
Tumour stage
I	1.7% (11)
II	2.0% (13)
III	11.0% (73)
IV	85.3% (24)
Marital status
Not married	23.6% (155)
Married	76.4% (501)
Smoke
No	61.7% (400)
Yes	38.3% (248)
PCs in the family
No	86.1% (570)
Yes	13.9% (92)
Alcohol
No	47.5% (309)
Yes	52.5% (341)
Prostatectomy
No	93.4% (618)
Yes	6.6% (44)
Diabetes
No	77.7% (459)
Yes	22.3% (132)
Hormonal therapy
No	69.9% (463)
Yes	3.1% (199)
Gleason score
1=<8	77.8% (514)
2>8	22.2% (147)
Patient on antiretroviral therapy (ART)
No	84.3% (558)
Yes	15.7% (104)
Chemotherapy
No	79.6% (527)
Yes	2.4% (135)
Radiation therapy
No	55.3% (366)
Yes	44.7% (296)
Human immunodeficiency virus
No	69.9% (463)
Yes	3.1% (199)

Table 2. Bivariate analysis of background and clinical characteristics of prostate cancer patients from Zambia Cancer Disease Hospital routinely collected data, 2014–2018

	Prostate cancer patients mortality (total sample = 662)		p-value
Factors	Yes N = 290 (43.8%)	No N = 372 (56.2%)
Age, years, mean (SD)	72.7 years (7.9)	67.4 years (9.2)	0.0001^T
Body mass index, mean (SD)	25.6 kg/m^2 (4.7)	25.4 kg/m^2 (4.5)	0.643^T
Prostate-specific antigen, Median (IQR)	69.3 ng/ml (30.0, 115.0)	68.7 ng/ml (31.1, 115)	0.477^W
Tumour stage I and II III and IV	9 (4.5%) 190 (95.5%)	15 (3.2%) 448 (96.8%)	0.418^C
Marital status Not married Married	66 (22.8%) 223 (77.2%)	89 (24.3%) 278 (75.8%)	0.672^C
Smoke No Yes	185 (65.6%) 97 (34.4%)	215 (58.7%) 151 (41.3%)	0.075^C
History of prostate cancer in family No Yes	258 (89.0%) 32 (11.0%)	312 (83.9%) 60 (16.1%)	0.060^C
Alcohol No Yes	143 (50.5%) 140 (49.5%)	166 (45.2%) 201 (54.8%)	0.180^C
Diabetes No Yes	213 (81.3%) 49 (18.7%)	246 (74.8%) 83 (25.2%)	0.058^C
Prostatectomy No Yes	274 (94.5%) 16 (5.5%)	344 (92.5%) 28 (7.5%)	0.303^C
Hormonal therapy No Yes	124 (42.8%) 166(57.2%)	150 (40.3%) 222 (59.7%)	0.528^C
Gleason score 1=<8 2 >8	203 (70.0%) 87 (30.0%)	312 (83.9%) 60 (16.1%)	0.0001^C
Radiotherapy No Yes	153 (52.8%) 137 (47.2%)	213 (57.3%) 159 (42.7%)	0.248^C
Chemotherapy No Yes	232 (80.0%) 58 (20.0%)	295 (79.3%) 77 (20.7%)	0.825^C
Human immunodeficiency virus No Yes	227 (78.3%) 63 (21.7%)	236 (63.4%) 136 (36.6%)	0.0001^C
Antiretroviral therapy No Yes	253 (87.2%) 37 (12.8%)	305 (82.0%) 67 (18.0%)	0.065^C

^CChi squared test, ^TStudent’s t-test, ^WWilcoxon rank sum test.

Figure 1. Kaplan–Meier (K-M) estimate of HIV-negative patients’ prostate cancer had lower mortality than the patients exposed to HIV, with 95% confidence interval.

Figure 2. Kaplan–Meier (K-M) estimate of patients with Gleason scores of less than or equal to 8 had lower mortality compared to those who had Gleason scores of greater than 8, with 95% confidence interval.

Figure 3. Kaplan–Meier (K-M) estimate of patients on hormonal therapy treatment had lower mortality compared to those who were not on the treatment, with 95% confidence interval.

Table 3. Crude and adjusted Weibull model of factors associated with mortality of prostate cancer patients

Factors	Crude HR (95% CI)	p-value	Adjusted HR (95% CI)	p-value
Age, years	1.03 (1.02, 1.04)	0.0001	1.03 (1.02, 1.04)	.0001
Marital status Not married Married	Ref 0.90 (0.67, 1.17)	n/a 0.395	Ref 1.03 (0.76, 1.41)	n/a 0.820
Human immunodeficiency virus No Yes	Ref 0.57 (0.43, 0.75)	n/a 0.0001	Ref 0.58 (0.43, 0.78)	n/a 0.0001
Antiretroviral therapy No Yes	Ref 0.80 (0.57, 1.13)	n/a 0.204	Ref 0.81 (0.56, 1.18)	n/a 0.273
Body mass index (BMI)	1.00 (0.98, 1.03)	.527	1.02 (1.00, 1.04)	.116
Tumour stage I/II III/IV	Ref 1.70 (0.84, 3.43)	n/a 0.138	Ref 2.13 (1.02, 4.48)	n/a 0.044
Smoke No Yes	Ref 0.96 (0.75, 1.23)	n/a 0.769	Ref 1.08 (0.81, 1.43)	n/a 0.613
Alcohol No Yes	Ref 1.00 (0.79, 1.26)	0.980	Ref 1.03 (0.78, 1.36)	n/a 0.808
Diabetes No Yes	Ref 1.00 (0.73, 1.36)	0.979	Ref 1.02 (0.75, 1.40)	n/a 0.880
Prostate-specific antigen	1.00 (0.99, 1.00)	0.456	0.99 (0.99, 1.00)	0.645
Gleason score >8 =<8	0.40 (0.30, 0.52)	0.0001	0.45 (0.33, 0.61)	0.0001
Prostatectomy No Yes	Ref 0.75 (0.45, 1.25)	n/a 0.268	Ref 0.77 (0.45, 1.31)	n/a 0.331
Hormonal therapy No Yes	Ref 0.74 (0.59, 0.93)	n/a 0.011	Ref 0.71 (0.54, 0.94)	n/a 0.015
Radiation therapy No Yes	Ref 0.84 (0.67, 1.06)	n/a 0.141	Ref 1.04 (0.73, 1.47)	n/a 0.845
Chemotherapy No Yes	Ref 1.11 (0.83, 1.48)	n/a 0.476	Ref 1.29 (0.74, 2.23)	0.370
History of prostate cancer in family No Yes	Ref 1.14 (0.79, 1.65)	0.473	Ref 1.33 (0.88, 2.02)	0.176
Radiation therapy dose	0.98 (0.96, 1.00)	0.039	0.99 (0.97, 1.02)	0.639

Data availability statement

The data for this article supporting the findings will be made available once requested by the reviewer for supporting the conclusions.